Evidence map›Paper›PMID 26916628›Full record

ReviewAdvanced drug delivery reviews2016

Strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and challenges for long acting injectable therapies: Insights for applications in HIV therapy.

Andrew Owen, Steve Rannard

Abstract readReview
In one paragraph

Review in Advanced drug delivery reviews, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 85 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
85citing papers in PubMed
8.5field-weighted citation impact, top 2% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

85 citing papers in PubMed, 153 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. Review
  2. Article
  3. Review
  4. Article
  5. Article
  6. Article
  7. Review
  8. PLGA-based long-acting injectable (LAI) formulations.Journal of controlled release : official journal of the Controlled Release Society · 2025
    Review
  9. Article
  10. Review
  11. Review
  12. Article
  13. Article
  14. Review
  15. Article
  16. Review
  17. Article
  18. Article
  19. Article
  20. Article

25 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.

Andrew OwenDepartment of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Institute of Translational Medicine, 70 Pembroke Place, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L693GF, UK.
Steve RannardDepartment of Chemistry, Crown Street, University of Liverpool, L69 3BX, UK.
University of Liverpool · GB

Funding

Leadership and Operations Center (LOC), AIDS Clinical Trials Group (ACTG); LOC 1/UM1AI068636 · NIAID · UNIV OF NORTH CAROLINA CHAPEL HILL · PI Joseph J Eron, RAJESH T GANDHI · 2011 to 2026
$1073.1M
The Long-Acting/Extended Release Antiretroviral Resource Program (LEAP)R24AI118397 · NIAID · JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY · PI Charles W. Flexner · 2015 to 2026
$9.4M
Towards complete sustained release nanoformulations of NRTI based regimensR01AI114405 · NIAID · JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY · PI FREEL MEYERS, CAREN L., OWEN, ANDREW · 2014 to 2017
$2.5M
Medical Research Council G0800247NIAID NIH HHS R01 AI114405NIAID NIH HHS R24 AI118397NIAID NIH HHS UM1 AI068636
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Advances in solid drug nanoparticle technologies have resulted in a number of long-acting (LA) formulations with the potential for once monthly or longer administration. Such formulations offer great utility for chronic diseases, particularly when a lack of medication compliance may be detrimental to treatment response. Two such formulations are in clinical development for HIV but the concept of LA delivery has its origins in indications such as schizophrenia and contraception. Many terms have been utilised to describe the LA approach and standardisation would be beneficial. Ultimately, definitions will depend upon specific indications and routes of delivery, but for HIV we propose benchmarks that reflect perceived clinical benefits and available data on patient attitudes. Specifically, we propose dosing intervals of ≥1week, ≥1month or ≥6months, for oral, injectable or implantable strategies, respectively. This review focuses upon the critical importance of potency in achieving the LA outcome for injectable formulations and explores established and emerging technologies that have been employed across indications. Key technological challenges such as the need for consistency and ease of administration for drug combinations, are also discussed. Finally, the review explores the gaps in knowledge regarding the pharmacology of drug release from particulate-based LA injectable suspensions. A number of hypotheses are discussed based upon available data relating to local drug metabolism, active transport systems, the lymphatics, macrophages and patient-specific factors. Greater knowledge of the mechanisms that underpin drug release and protracted exposure will help facilitate further development of this strategy to achieve the promising clinical benefits.

Indexed as

Delayed-Action PreparationsAnti-HIV AgentsChemistry, PharmaceuticalDrug CompoundingHIV InfectionsHumansAnti-HIV AgentsDelayed-Action PreparationsControlled-releaseDrug deliveryExtended-releaseFormulationNanomedicinePharmacokineticsSustained-releaseTime-release

Identifiers

PMID26916628
PMCPMC4935562
OpenAlexW2282883256

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceTDM
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.