ArticleScientific reports2016
Truncation of C-terminal 20 amino acids in PA-X contributes to adaptation of swine influenza virus in pigs.
Article in Scientific reports, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 14 papers.
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Who cites it
14 citing papers in PubMed, 17 citations in OpenAlex.
- The PA-X host shutoff site 100 V exerts a contrary effect on viral fitness of the highly pathogenic H7N9 influenza A virus in mice and chickens.Virulence · 2025Article
- Innate Antiviral Cytokine Response to Swine Influenza Virus by Swine Respiratory Epithelial Cells.Journal of virology · 2021Article
- Influenza A Virus-Host Specificity: An Ongoing Cross-Talk Between Viral and Host Factors.Frontiers in microbiology · 2021Review
- Truncation of PA-X Contributes to Virulence and Transmission of H3N8 and H3N2 Canine Influenza Viruses in Dogs.Journal of virology · 2020Article
- An R195K Mutation in the PA-X Protein Increases the Virulence and Transmission of Influenza A Virus in Mammalian Hosts.Journal of virology · 2020Article
- Effects of the PA-X and PB1-F2 Proteins on the Virulence of the 2009 Pandemic H1N1 Influenza A Virus in Mice.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2019Article
- PA-X: a key regulator of influenza A virus pathogenicity and host immune responses.Medical microbiology and immunology · 2018Review
- Host Shutoff in Influenza A Virus: Many Means to an End.Viruses · 2018Review
- Aflatoxin BFrontiers in immunology · 2018Article
- Detection and characterization of an H4N6 avian-lineage influenza A virus in pigs in the Midwestern United States.Virology · 2017Article
- Impacts of different expressions of PA-X protein on 2009 pandemic H1N1 virus replication, pathogenicity and host immune responses.Virology · 2017Article
- Ribosomal frameshifting and transcriptional slippage: From genetic steganography and cryptography to adventitious use.Nucleic acids research · 2016Review
- Article
- Shutoff of Host Gene Expression in Influenza A Virus and Herpesviruses: Similar Mechanisms and Common Themes.Viruses · 2016Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
13 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The PA-X protein is a fusion protein incorporating the N-terminal 191 amino acids of the PA protein with a short C-terminal sequence encoded by an overlapping ORF (X-ORF) in segment 3 that is accessed by + 1 ribosomal frameshifting, and this X-ORF exists in either full length or a truncated form (either 61-or 41-condons). Genetic evolution analysis indicates that all swine influenza viruses (SIVs) possessed full-length PA-X prior to 1985, but since then SIVs with truncated PA-X have gradually increased and become dominant, implying that truncation of this protein may contribute to the adaptation of influenza virus in pigs. To verify this hypothesis, we constructed PA-X extended viruses in the background of a "triple-reassortment" H1N2 SIV with truncated PA-X, and evaluated their biological characteristics in vitro and in vivo. Compared with full-length PA-X, SIV with truncated PA-X had increased viral replication in porcine cells and swine respiratory tissues, along with enhanced pathogenicity, replication and transmissibility in pigs. Furthermore, we found that truncation of PA-X improved the inhibition of IFN-I mRNA expression. Hereby, our results imply that truncation of PA-X may contribute to the adaptation of SIV in pigs.
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