Trial reportPloS one2016
Free Thyroxine During Early Pregnancy and Risk for Gestational Diabetes.
Trial report in PloS one, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 24 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
24 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 49 citations in OpenAlex.
- Association of thyroid disorders with gestational diabetes mellitus: a meta-analysis.Endocrine · 2021Pooled it
- Thyroid Status During Pregnancy in Women With Polycystic Ovary Syndrome and the Effect of Metformin.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2022Trial
- Trial
- Association of longitudinal thyroid function parameters with preterm birth: a retrospective cohort study in Jinan, China.BMC pregnancy and childbirth · 2026Article
- Thyroid markers in early to mid-pregnancy and risk of gestational diabetes: a longitudinal retrospective cohort study.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2026Article
- Maternal Thyroid Hormone Evaluation in Women With Gestational Diabetes Mellitus in the Second Trimester.Cureus · 2025Article
- Neighborhood deprivation and iodine levels influence air pollution effects on maternal thyroid function in early pregnancy.Environmental research · 2025Article
- Iodine supply and thyroid function in women with gestational diabetes mellitus: a cohort study.Endocrine connections · 2024Article
- Genome-wide association studies of thyroid-related hormones, dysfunction, and autoimmunity among 85,421 Chinese pregnancies.Nature communications · 2024Article
- Effects of thyroid hormones modify the association between pre-pregnancy obesity and GDM: evidence from a mediation analysis.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2024Article
- Thyroid dysfunction during gestation and gestational diabetes mellitus: a complex relationship.Journal of endocrinological investigation · 2023Review
- Relationships Between Maternal Selected Metals (Cu, Mg, Zn and Fe), Thyroid Function and Blood Glucose Levels During Pregnancy.Biological trace element research · 2023Article
- Gestational thyroid hormone concentrations and risk of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in the Norwegian Mother, Father and Child Cohort Study.Paediatric and perinatal epidemiology · 2023Article
- Article
- The Role of Placental Growth Factor in the Prediction of Carbohydrate and Thyroid Disorders during Pregnancy.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2022Article
- Increased Central and Peripheral Thyroid Resistance Indices During the First Half of Gestation Were Associated With Lowered Risk of Gestational Diabetes-Analyses Based on Huizhou Birth Cohort in South China.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2022Article
- Pregnancy exposure to common-detect organophosphate esters and phthalates and maternal thyroid function.The Science of the total environment · 2021Article
- The role of triiodothyronine (T3) and T3/free thyroxine (fT4) in glucose metabolism during pregnancy: the Ma'anshan birth cohort study.Endocrine connections · 2021Article
- Turning to Thyroid Disease in Pregnant Women.European thyroid journal · 2020Review
- Cell Type- and Sex-Specific Dysregulation of Thyroid Hormone Receptors in Placentas in Gestational Diabetes Mellitus.International journal of molecular sciences · 2020Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
8 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Several studies have now reported associations between gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and low free thyroxine (fT4) during the second and third trimesters, but not in the first trimester. The present study further examines relationships between low fT4, maternal weight, and GDM among women in the FaSTER (First and Second Trimester Evaluation of Risk) trial, in an effort to determine the extent to which thyroid hormones might contribute to causality. The FaSTER cohort includes 9351 singleton, euthyroid women; 272 of these women were subsequently classified as having GDM. Thyrotropin (TSH), fT4, and thyroid antibodies were measured at 11-14 weeks' gestation (first trimester) and 15-18.9 weeks' gestation (second trimester). An earlier report of this cohort documented an inverse relationship between fT4 in the second trimester and maternal weight. In the current analysis, women with GDM were significantly older (32 vs. 28 years) and weighed more (75 vs. 64.5 kg). Maternal weight and age (but not TSH) were significantly associated univariately with fT4 (dependent variable), in the order listed. Second trimester fT4 odds ratios (OR) for GDM were 2.06 [95% CI 1.37-3.09] (unadjusted); and 1.89 [95% CI 1.26-2.84] (adjusted). First trimester odds ratios were not significant: OR 1.45 [95%CI 0.97-2.16] (unadjusted) and 1.11 [95% CI 0.74-1.62] (adjusted). The second trimester fT4/GDM relationship thus appeared to strengthen as gestation progressed. In FaSTER, high maternal weight was associated with both low fT4 and a higher GDM rate in the second trimester. Peripheral deiodinase activity is known to increase with high caloric intake (represented by high weight). We speculate that weight-related low fT4 (the metabolically inactive prohormone) is a marker for deiodinase activity, serving as a substrate for conversion of fT4 to free triiodothyronine (fT3), the active hormone responsible for glucose-related metabolic activity.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.