ArticleNeuroImage2016
Neuroimaging measures of error-processing: Extracting reliable signals from event-related potentials and functional magnetic resonance imaging.
Article in NeuroImage, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 37 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
37 citing papers in PubMed.
- Adolescent cognitive control and mediofrontal theta oscillations are disrupted by neglect: Associations with transdiagnostic risk for psychopathology in a randomized controlled trial.Developmental cognitive neuroscience · 2020Trial
- Age and Social Observation Effects on Theta Synchrony and Its Role in Adolescent Post-Error Control: A Computational Approach.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Characterizing the behavioural correlates of error awareness with the novel speeded inference task.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Distinguishing between response conflict and error expectancy in inhibitory error processing: the role of the presupplementary motor cortex.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for substance use disorders and chronic pain: A review of the evidence and call for increased mechanistic understanding.Current addiction reports · 2025Article
- Social observation influences the trajectory of performance monitoring across trials: evidence from single-trial estimates of the ERN and CRN.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
- Impact of ERP Reliability Cutoffs on Sample Characteristics and Effect Sizes: Performance-Monitoring ERPs in Psychosis and Healthy Controls.Psychophysiology · 2025Article
- The Relationship Between Emotion Dysregulation and Error Monitoring in Adolescents with ADHD.Research on child and adolescent psychopathology · 2024Article
- Developmental Changes in Habenular and Striatal Social Reinforcement Responsivity Across Adolescence Linked With Substance Use.Biological psychiatry · 2023Article
- Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation for Reducing the Relative Reinforcing Value of Food in Adult Patients With Obesity Pursuing Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery: Protocol for a Pilot, Within-Participants, Sham-Controlled Trial.JMIR research protocols · 2023Article
- Towards a mechanistic understanding of the role of error monitoring and memory in social anxiety.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2023Article
- Atypical Mediofrontal Theta Oscillations Underlying Cognitive Control in Kindergarteners With Autism Spectrum Disorder.Biological psychiatry. Cognitive neuroscience and neuroimaging · 2022Article
- Medial prefrontal and occipito-temporal activity at encoding determines enhanced recognition of threatening faces after 1.5 years.Brain structure & function · 2022Article
- Time-frequency dynamics of error monitoring in childhood: An EEG study.Developmental psychobiology · 2022Article
- Dopaminergic and noradrenergic modulation of stress-induced alterations in brain activation associated with goal-directed behaviour.Journal of psychopharmacology (Oxford, England) · 2021Article
- The predictive value of neurobiological measures for recidivism in delinquent male young adults.Journal of psychiatry & neuroscience : JPN · 2021Article
- Error-signaling in the developing brain.NeuroImage · 2021Article
- Test-Retest Reliability of Neural Correlates of Response Inhibition and Error Monitoring: An fMRI Study of a Stop-Signal Task.Frontiers in neuroscience · 2021Article
- Developmental pathways to social anxiety and irritability: The role of the ERN.Development and psychopathology · 2020Article
- Establishing norms for error-related brain activity during the arrow Flanker task among young adults.NeuroImage · 2020Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
9 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Error-related brain activity has become an increasingly important focus of cognitive neuroscience research utilizing both event-related potentials (ERPs) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Given the significant time and resources required to collect these data, it is important for researchers to plan their experiments such that stable estimates of error-related processes can be achieved efficiently. Reliability of error-related brain measures will vary as a function of the number of error trials and the number of participants included in the averages. Unfortunately, systematic investigations of the number of events and participants required to achieve stability in error-related processing are sparse, and none have addressed variability in sample size. Our goal here is to provide data compiled from a large sample of healthy participants (n=180) performing a Go/NoGo task, resampled iteratively to demonstrate the relative stability of measures of error-related brain activity given a range of sample sizes and event numbers included in the averages. We examine ERP measures of error-related negativity (ERN/Ne) and error positivity (Pe), as well as event-related fMRI measures locked to False Alarms. We find that achieving stable estimates of ERP measures required four to six error trials and approximately 30 participants; fMRI measures required six to eight trials and approximately 40 participants. Fewer trials and participants were required for measures where additional data reduction techniques (i.e., principal component analysis and independent component analysis) were implemented. Ranges of reliability statistics for various sample sizes and numbers of trials are provided. We intend this to be a useful resource for those planning or evaluating ERP or fMRI investigations with tasks designed to measure error-processing.
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Registered trials
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