Trial reportEuropean journal of applied physiology2016
Impact of intensified training and carbohydrate supplementation on immunity and markers of overreaching in highly trained cyclists.
Trial report in European journal of applied physiology, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 18 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
18 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 26 citations in OpenAlex.
- The Effect of Gut-Training and Feeding-Challenge on Markers of Gastrointestinal Status in Response to Endurance Exercise: A Systematic Literature Review.Sports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.) · 2023Pooled it
- The relationship between hemoglobin andPloS one · 2023Pooled it
- Effects of protein-carbohydrate vs. carbohydrate alone supplementation on immune inflammation markers in endurance athletes: a randomized controlled trial.European journal of applied physiology · 2023Trial
- Ketone ester supplementation blunts overreaching symptoms during endurance training overload.The Journal of physiology · 2019Trial
- Review
- Immune inflammation markers and physical fitness during a congested match play period in elite male soccer players.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- The impact of aquatic exercise programs on the systemic hematological and inflammatory markers of community dwelling elderly: A randomized controlled trial.Frontiers in physiology · 2022Article
- Overtraining Syndrome (OTS) and Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport (RED-S): Shared Pathways, Symptoms and Complexities.Sports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.) · 2021Review
- A Practical Approach to Monitoring Biomarkers of Inflammation and Muscle Damage in Youth Soccer Players During a 6-Month Training Cycle.Journal of human kinetics · 2021Article
- Transferring clinically established immune inflammation markers into exercise physiology: focus on neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio, platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio and systemic immune-inflammation index.European journal of applied physiology · 2021Review
- Immune Response of Elite Enduro Racers to Laboratory and Racing Environments: The Influence of Training Impulse and Vibration.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2021Article
- The Stress of Competing: Cortisol and Amylase Response to Training and Competition.Journal of functional morphology and kinesiology · 2021Article
- Effects of Individual Changes in Training Distribution on Maximal Aerobic Capacity in Well-Trained Cross-Country Skiers: A Follow-Up Study.Frontiers in physiology · 2021Article
- Functional Overreaching in Endurance Athletes: A Necessity or Cause for Concern?Sports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.) · 2020Review
- Block vs. Traditional Periodization of HIT: Two Different Paths to Success for the World's Best Cross-Country Skier.Frontiers in physiology · 2019Article
- Effect of rapid weight loss and glutamine supplementation on immunosuppression of combat athletes: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study.Journal of exercise rehabilitation · 2018Article
- Article
- The effects of intensified training on resting metabolic rate (RMR), body composition and performance in trained cyclists.PloS one · 2018Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
purposeTo determine effects of intensified training (IT) and carbohydrate supplementation on overreaching and immunity.
methodsIn a randomized, double-blind, crossover design, 13 male cyclists (age 25 ± 6 years, VO2max 72 ± 5 ml/kg/min) completed two 8-day periods of IT. On one occasion, participants ingested 2 % carbohydrate (L-CHO) beverages before, during and after training sessions. On the second occasion, 6 % carbohydrate (H-CHO) solutions were ingested before, during and after training, with the addition of 20 g of protein in the post-exercise beverage. Blood samples were collected before and immediately after incremental exercise to fatigue on days 1 and 9.
resultsIn both trials, IT resulted in decreased peak power (375 ± 37 vs. 391 ± 37 W, P < 0.001), maximal heart rate (179 ± 8 vs. 190 ± 10 bpm, P < 0.001) and haematocrit (39 ± 2 vs. 42 ± 2 %, P < 0.001), and increased plasma volume (P < 0.001). Resting plasma cortisol increased while plasma ACTH decreased following IT (P < 0.05), with no between-trial differences. Following IT, antigen-stimulated whole blood culture production of IL-1α was higher in L-CHO than H-CHO (0.70 (95 % CI 0.52-0.95) pg/ml versus 0.33 (0.24-0.45) pg/ml, P < 0.01), as was production of IL-1β (9.3 (95 % CI 7-10.4) pg/ml versus 6.0 (5.0-7.8) pg/ml, P < 0.05). Circulating total leukocytes (P < 0.05) and neutrophils (P < 0.01) at rest increased following IT, as did neutrophil:lymphocyte ratio and percentage CD4+ lymphocytes (P < 0.05), with no between-trial differences.
conclusionIT resulted in symptoms consistent with overreaching, although immunological changes were modest. Higher carbohydrate intake was not able to alleviate physiological/immunological disturbances.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.