ArticleParasites & vectors2016
Larvae of Ixodes ricinus transmit Borrelia afzelii and B. miyamotoi to vertebrate hosts.
Article in Parasites & vectors, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 67 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
67 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 138 citations in OpenAlex.
- Europe-Wide Meta-Analysis of Borrelia burgdorferi Sensu Lato Prevalence in Questing Ixodes ricinus Ticks.Applied and environmental microbiology · 2017Pooled it
- Lyme beyond the season: late-autumn dissemination of infected ticks by southward migrating redwings (Turdus iliacus).Parasites & vectors · 2026Article
- Identification and mapping of potential and highly likely vectors for selected vector-borne diseases in the EU and neighbouring countries.EFSA journal. European Food Safety Authority · 2026Article
- A Bayesian modelling framework for estimating tick-borne pathogen transmission dynamics at the host-tick interface.PLoS computational biology · 2026Article
- Influence of tick age and land-use on Borrelia burgdorferi s.l. in Ixodes ricinus ticks from the Swabian Alb, Germany.Parasites & vectors · 2025Article
- Landscape heterogeneity, forest structure, and mammalian host diversity shape tick density and prevalence of the causative agent of Lyme borreliosis.FEMS microbiology ecology · 2025Article
- Minor Hosts Have a Major Impact on the Enzootic Transmission of Borrelia burgdorferi.The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene · 2025Article
- Borrelia miyamotoi and Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato widespread in urban areas of the Czech Republic.Parasites & vectors · 2024Article
- Transovarial and transstadial transmission of Borrelia valaisiana, the pathogen of Lyme borreliosis, in the sheep tick, Ixodes ricinus L.Experimental & applied acarology · 2024Article
- Human Tick-Borne Diseases and Advances in Anti-Tick Vaccine Approaches: A Comprehensive Review.Vaccines · 2024Review
- Article
- Xenodiagnosis in the wild: A methodology to investigate infectiousness for tick-borne bacteria in a songbird reservoir.Current research in parasitology & vector-borne diseases · 2024Article
- Article
- Pathogenicity and virulence ofVirulence · 2023Review
- Differential associations of horizontally and vertically transmitted symbionts on Ixodes ricinus behaviour and physiology.Parasites & vectors · 2023Article
- Borrelia miyamotoi a neglected tick-borne relapsing fever spirochete in Thailand.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2023Article
- Molecular Detection ofTransboundary and emerging diseases · 2023Article
- Tick microbial associations at the crossroad of horizontal and vertical transmission pathways.Parasites & vectors · 2022Article
- Recovery of Partially Engorged Haemaphysalis longicornis (Acari: Ixodidae) Ticks from Active Surveillance.Journal of medical entomology · 2022Article
- A comparison of horizontal and transovarial transmission efficiency of Borrelia miyamotoi by Ixodes scapularis.Ticks and tick-borne diseases · 2022Article
7 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
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Authors and funding
10 authors at 5 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundLyme borreliosis is the most common tick-borne human disease and is caused by Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato (s.l.). Borrelia miyamotoi, a relapsing fever spirochaete, is transmitted transovarially, whereas this has not been shown for B. burgdorferi (s.l). Therefore, B. burgdorferi (s.l) is considered to cycle from nymphs to larvae through vertebrates. Larvae of Ixodes ricinus are occasionally B. burgdorferi (s.l) infected, but their vector competence has never been studied.
methodsWe challenged 20 laboratory mice with field-collected larvae of I. ricinus. A subset of these larvae was analysed for infections with B. burgdorferi (s.l) and B. miyamotoi. After three to four challenges, mice were sacrificed and skin and spleen samples were analysed for infection by PCR and culture.
resultsField-collected larvae were naturally infected with B. burgdorferi (s.l) (0.62%) and B. miyamotoi (2.0%). Two mice acquired a B. afzelii infection and four mice acquired a B. miyamotoi infection during the larval challenges.
conclusionWe showed that larvae of I. ricinus transmit B. afzelii and B. miyamotoi to rodents and calculated that rodents have a considerable chance of acquiring infections from larvae compared to nymphs. As a result, B. afzelii can cycle between larvae through rodents. Our findings further imply that larval bites on humans, which easily go unnoticed, can cause Lyme borreliosis and Borrelia miyamotoi disease.
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