ArticleJournal of affective disorders2016
Impact of diagnosed depression on healthcare costs in adults with and without diabetes: United States, 2004-2011.
Article in Journal of affective disorders, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 37 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
37 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Costs of multimorbidity: a systematic review and meta-analyses.BMC medicine · 2022Pooled it
- Depression Treatment Expenditures for Adults in the USA: a Systematic Review.Current psychiatry reports · 2019Pooled it
- Nurse-Led Telephone Program for Nonadherent to Treatment Type 2 Diabetics With Comorbid Depression: A Cost-Consequence and Budget Impact Analysis.Journal of nursing management · 2024Trial
- Cost-Effectiveness of a Collaborative Care Model Among Patients With Type 2 Diabetes and Depression in India.Diabetes care · 2023Trial
- First-Year Economic and Quality of Life Effects of the RAINBOW Intervention to Treat Comorbid Obesity and Depression.Obesity (Silver Spring, Md.) · 2020Trial
- Trial
- A Web-Based Cognitive Behavior Therapy Intervention to Improve Social and Occupational Functioning in Adults With Type 2 Diabetes (The SpringboarD Trial): Randomized Controlled Trial.Journal of medical Internet research · 2019Trial
- The association between occupational categories, working hours, and depression: A cross-sectional study in the United States.Medicine · 2026Article
- Impact of reducing nicotine in cigarettes on mortality, economic costs and major depression in the USA.Tobacco control · 2026Article
- Use of Naltrexone-Bupropion in Persons With Overweight/Obesity and Symptoms of Depression: A Pooled Analysis.Obesity (Silver Spring, Md.) · 2026Article
- Healthcare utilisation, diagnosed depression and anxiety among US adults with diagnosed diabetes and pre-diabetes, 2021-2023: a national cross-sectional study.BMJ public health · 2026Article
- Integrative Medicine for Patients with Diabetes and Mental Health Disorders: A Narrative Review.Current psychiatry reports · 2025Review
- Health, Equity, and Economic Impacts of a Nicotine Product Standard in the United States for People With and Without Major Depression.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2025Article
- The Interconnected Complexity of Diabetes and Depression.Diabetes spectrum : a publication of the American Diabetes Association · 2025Article
- Diabetes-related distress and psychological burden in patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes - the role of child maltreatment, personality functioning, and epistemic trust: findings from a German clinical inpatient sample.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2025Article
- Cardiovascular disease and preventive care service utilization among midlife adults: The roles of diagnosis and depression.American journal of preventive cardiology · 2024Article
- Factors associated with patient activation among individuals with depression within racial/ethnic groups in the United States.Preventive medicine reports · 2023Article
- Typologies of mental healthcare discrimination experiences and associations with current provider care ratings: A latent class analysis.SSM. Mental health · 2022Article
- Associations between neighborhood socioeconomic deprivation and severity of depression: Data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2011-2014.SSM - population health · 2022Article
- Relationship between leisure-time physical activity and depressive symptoms under different levels of dietary inflammatory index.Frontiers in nutrition · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
Abstract
objectiveThis study used the Medical Expenditures Panel Survey (MEPS) to estimate the cost of diabetes, depression, and comorbid diabetes and depression over 8 years.
methodsAn 8-year pooled dataset was created using the household and medical provider components of MEPS. Medical expenditures were adjusted to a common 2014 dollar value. Analyses used responses of 147,095 individuals ≥18 years of age for the years 2004-2011. The dependent variable in this study was total healthcare expenditure and the primary independent variables were diabetes and depression status. A two-part (probit/GLM) model was used to estimate the annual medical spending and marginal effects were calculated for incremental cost.
resultsIn the pooled sample, after adjusting for socio-demographic factors, comorbidities and time trend covariates, the incremental cost of depression only was $2654 (95% CI 2343-2966), diabetes was $2692 (95% CI 2338-3046), and both was $6037 (CI 95% 5243-6830) when compared to patients with none. Based on the unadjusted mean, annual average aggregate cost of depression only was estimated at $238.3 billion, diabetes only $150.1 billion and depression and diabetes together was $77.6 billion.
conclusionCosts at both the individual and aggregate level are significant, with comorbid diagnoses resulting in higher incremental costs than the sum of the costs for each diagnosis alone. In addition, while the cost of depression increased over time, the cost of diabetes decreased over time, much due to decreased inpatient costs. This study highlights the tremendous cost savings possible through more aggressive screening, diagnosis, and treatment of depression.
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