ArticleEvolution; international journal of organic evolution2016
Molecular development of fibular reduction in birds and its evolution from dinosaurs.
Article in Evolution; international journal of organic evolution, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 8 papers.
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8 citing papers in PubMed, 16 citations in OpenAlex.
- Growth dynamics, skeletochronology, and histovariability of the theropod dinosaur Berthasaura leopoldinae.Anatomical record (Hoboken, N.J. : 2007) · 2026Article
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- Jurassic avialan reveals stepwise evolution of bony tail in birds.Science advances · 2026Article
- Article
- Inner workings of the alligator ankle reveal the mechanistic origins of archosaur locomotor diversity.Journal of anatomy · 2023Article
- (Non)Parallel developmental mechanisms in vertebrate appendage reduction and loss.Ecology and evolution · 2021Review
- Atavisms in the avian hindlimb and early developmental polarity of the limb.Developmental dynamics : an official publication of the American Association of Anatomists · 2021Article
- A bizarre Early Cretaceous enantiornithine bird with unique crural feathers and an ornithuromorph plough-shaped pygostyle.Nature communications · 2017Article
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Birds have a distally reduced, splinter-like fibula that is shorter than the tibia. In embryonic development, both skeletal elements start out with similar lengths. We examined molecular markers of cartilage differentiation in chicken embryos. We found that the distal end of the fibula expresses Indian hedgehog (IHH), undergoing terminal cartilage differentiation, and almost no Parathyroid-related protein (PTHrP), which is required to develop a proliferative growth plate (epiphysis). Reduction of the distal fibula may be influenced earlier by its close contact with the nearby fibulare, which strongly expresses PTHrP. The epiphysis-like fibulare however then separates from the fibula, which fails to maintain a distal growth plate, and fibular reduction ensues. Experimental downregulation of IHH signaling at a postmorphogenetic stage led to a tibia and fibula of equal length: The fibula is longer than in controls and fused to the fibulare, whereas the tibia is shorter and bent. We propose that the presence of a distal fibular epiphysis may constrain greater growth in the tibia. Accordingly, many Mesozoic birds show a fibula that has lost its distal epiphysis, but remains almost as long as the tibia, suggesting that loss of the fibulare preceded and allowed subsequent evolution of great fibulo-tibial disparity.
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