ReviewEvolution, medicine, and public health2016
The role of respiratory viruses in the etiology of bacterial pneumonia: An ecological perspective.
Review in Evolution, medicine, and public health, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 45 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
45 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 71 citations in OpenAlex.
- The association between bacteria colonizing the upper respiratory tract and lower respiratory tract infection in young children: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Clinical microbiology and infection : the official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases · 2021Pooled it
- Heterogeneity in Estimates of the Impact of Influenza on Population Mortality: A Systematic Review.American journal of epidemiology · 2018Pooled it
- Changes in the pathogenic characteristics of hospitalized children with community-acquired pneumonia in Changzhou, China, 2018-2023.BMC infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Pneumococcal Detection and Bacterial Co-Detection in Children After COVID-19: A Two-Year Multiplex PCR Study.Biomedicines · 2026Article
- Bacterial colonization of the respiratory tract in COVID-19 patients: potential source of bacterial infection.BMC infectious diseases · 2026Article
- The Burden of Hospitalization Due toHealth science reports · 2025Review
- Epidemiological characteristics of respiratory tract infections during and after the pandemic of COVID-19 from 2021 - 2023 in Shenzhen, southern China.BMC public health · 2025Article
- Microbial and clinical disparities in pneumonia: insights from metagenomic next-generation sequencing in patients with community-acquired and severe pneumonia.Frontiers in microbiology · 2025Article
- Natural products alleviate viral pneumonia by modulating inflammatory and oxidative-stress pathways.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2025Review
- Incidence of pneumococcal disease in children in Germany, 2014-2019: a retrospective cohort study.BMC pediatrics · 2024Article
- Interplay between Lung Diseases and Viral Infections: A Comprehensive Review.Microorganisms · 2024Review
- Association between short-term exposure to ambient air pollutants and the risk of hospital visits for acute upper respiratory tract infections among adults: a time-series study in Ningbo, China.BMC public health · 2024Article
- The Role of Complement Component C3 in Protection AgainstDNA and cell biology · 2024Review
- The Roles of Endocytosis and Autophagy at the Cellular Level During Influenza Virus Infection: A Mini-Review.Infection and drug resistance · 2024Review
- Review
- Antibiotic Consumption in a Cohort of Hospitalized Adults with Viral Respiratory Tract Infection.Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- A Review on the Nasal Microbiome and Various Disease Conditions for Newer Approaches to Treatments.Indian journal of otolaryngology and head and neck surgery : official publication of the Association of Otolaryngologists of India · 2023Article
- Viral Identification Using Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction Testing Does Not Reduce Antibiotic Prescribing in Paediatric Intensive Care Units.Microorganisms · 2023Article
- Epidemiology and surveillance implications of community-acquired pneumonia in children.Clinical and experimental pediatrics · 2022Article
- Etiology and the challenge of diagnostic testing of community-acquired pneumonia in children and adolescents.BMC pediatrics · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Pneumonia is the leading cause of death among children less than 5 years old worldwide. A wide range of viral, bacterial and fungal agents can cause pneumonia: although viruses are the most common etiologic agent, the severity of clinical symptoms associated with bacterial pneumonia and increasing antibiotic resistance makes bacterial pneumonia a major public health concern. Bacterial pneumonia can follow upper respiratory viral infection and complicate lower respiratory viral infection. Secondary bacterial pneumonia is a major cause of influenza-related deaths. In this review, we evaluate the following hypotheses: (i) respiratory viruses influence the etiology of pneumonia by altering bacterial community structure in the upper respiratory tract (URT) and (ii) respiratory viruses promote or inhibit colonization of the lower respiratory tract (LRT) by certain bacterial species residing in the URT. We conducted a systematic review of the literature to examine temporal associations between respiratory viruses and bacteria and a targeted review to identify potential mechanisms of interactions. We conclude that viruses both alter the bacterial community in the URT and promote bacterial colonization of the LRT. However, it is uncertain whether changes in the URT bacterial community play a substantial role in pneumonia etiology. The exception is Streptococcus pneumoniae where a strong link between viral co-infection, increased carriage and pneumococcal pneumonia has been established.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.