ArticleInfection and immunity2016
Towards Rational Design of a Toxoid Vaccine against the Heat-Stable Toxin of Escherichia coli.
Article in Infection and immunity, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 23 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
23 citing papers in PubMed, 32 citations in OpenAlex.
- MecVax, an Epitope- and Structure-Based Broadly Protective Subunit Vaccine Against EnterotoxigenicMicroorganisms · 2025Review
- Recent progress in enterotoxigenicInfection and immunity · 2025Review
- Review
- Coupling enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli heat-stable peptide toxin with 8-arm PEG enhances immunogenicity.Journal of peptide science : an official publication of the European Peptide Society · 2025Article
- Article
- Article
- Vaccine Candidate Double Mutant Variants of EnterotoxigenicVaccines · 2022Article
- Contribution of Noncanonical Antigens to Virulence and Adaptive Immunity in Human Infection with Enterotoxigenic E. coli.Infection and immunity · 2021Article
- Confronting challenges to enterotoxigenicFrontiers in tropical diseases · 2021Article
- Characterization of ShigETEC, a Novel Live Attenuated Combined Vaccine against Shigellae and ETEC.Vaccines · 2020Article
- Phosphodiesterase 5 (PDE5) restricts intracellular cGMP accumulation during enterotoxigenicGut microbes · 2020Article
- Article
- Preclinical optimization of an enterotoxigenicNPJ vaccines · 2020Article
- Conservation and global distribution of non-canonical antigens in Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2019Article
- Immunizations with Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli Heat-Stable Toxin Conjugates Engender Toxin-Neutralizing Antibodies in Mice That Also Cross-React with Guanylin and Uroguanylin.Infection and immunity · 2019Article
- Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli Infections.Current infectious disease reports · 2019Review
- Development of an enterotoxigenicHuman vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2019Review
- Colonization factors among enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli isolates from children with moderate-to-severe diarrhea and from matched controls in the Global Enteric Multicenter Study (GEMS).PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2019Article
- Molecular Determinants of Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli Heat-Stable Toxin Secretion and Delivery.Infection and immunity · 2018Article
- Purification and Characterization of Native and Vaccine Candidate Mutant EnterotoxigenicToxins · 2018Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 5 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli(ETEC) is an important cause of diarrheal disease and death in children <5 years old. ETEC strains that express the heat-stable toxin (ST), with or without the heat-labile toxin, are among the four most important diarrhea-causing pathogens. This makes ST an attractive target for an ETEC vaccine. An ST vaccine should be nontoxic and elicit an immune response that neutralizes native ST without cross-reacting with the human endogenous guanylate cyclase C receptor ligands. To identify variants of ST with no or low toxicity, we screened a library of all 361 possible single-amino-acid mutant forms of ST by using the T84 cell assay. Moreover, we identified mutant variants with intact epitopes by screening for the ability to bind neutralizing anti-ST antibodies. ST mutant forms with no or low toxicity and intact epitopes are termed toxoid candidates, and the top 30 candidates all had mutations of residues A14, N12, and L9. The identification of nontoxic variants of L9 strongly suggests that it is a novel receptor-interacting residue, in addition to the previously identified N12, P13, and A14 residues. The screens also allowed us to map the epitopes of three neutralizing monoclonal antibodies, one of which cross-reacts with the human ligand uroguanylin. The common dominant epitope residue for all non-cross-reacting antibodies was Y19. Our results suggest that it should be possible to rationally design ST toxoids that elicit neutralizing immune responses against ST with minimal risk of immunological cross-reactivity.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.