ArticleBrain, behavior, and immunity2016
Subtypes of depressive symptoms and inflammatory biomarkers: An exploratory study on a sample of HIV-positive patients.
Article in Brain, behavior, and immunity, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 37 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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The trial behind it
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Who cites it
37 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 54 citations in OpenAlex.
- Examining Depression as a Risk Factor for Cardiovascular Disease in People with HIV: A Systematic Review.Annals of behavioral medicine : a publication of the Society of Behavioral Medicine · 2023Pooled it
- Mental health and well-being of older adults living with HIV in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review.BMJ open · 2021Pooled it
- Physical activity and HIV in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review of correlates and levels.African health sciences · 2018Pooled it
- Remitted depression and cognition in HIV: The role of cortisol and inflammation.Psychoneuroendocrinology · 2020Trial
- Longitudinal associations between depression, substance use, and immune activation and inflammation: A secondary analysis of men who have sex with men living with HIV in Brazil (HPTN 063).Brain, behavior, and immunity · 2026Article
- Exploratory Cohort Study of Depressive Symptoms in South Africans with HIV-1 Subtype C: Associations with Kynurenine Pathway Metabolites and Inflammatory Markers.Journal of neuroimmune pharmacology : the official journal of the Society on NeuroImmune Pharmacology · 2026Article
- A Placebo-Controlled Randomized Trial of the Effects of Escitalopram on Depressive Symptoms and Immune Function in People With HIV.Biological psychiatry global open science · 2026Article
- Depressive disorders are associated with brain structural injury in HIV-positive men who have sex with men.BMC psychiatry · 2025Article
- How is inflammation biology truly associated with depression in patients with stable coronary heart disease?: Insights from the heart and Soul study.Brain, behavior, & immunity - health · 2024Article
- Evaluation of a Newly Developed Transdiagnostic Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Group to Promote Healthy Aging Among Older People with HIV: Study Protocol for a Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial.Open access journal of clinical trials · 2024Article
- Bidirectional Relationship between HIV/HBV Infection and Comorbid Depression and/or Anxiety: A Systematic Review on Shared Biological Mechanisms.Journal of personalized medicine · 2023Review
- Stimulant use, HIV, and immune dysregulation among sexual minority men.Drug and alcohol dependence · 2023Article
- Combined effects of loneliness and inflammation on depression in people with HIV.Journal of neurovirology · 2023Article
- Cerebrospinal fluid levels of 5-HIAA and dopamine in people with HIV and depression.Journal of neurovirology · 2023Article
- Sex-specific associations between plasma interleukin-6 and depression in persons with and without HIV.Brain, behavior, & immunity - health · 2023Article
- Profiles of depressive symptoms and influential factors among people living with HIV in China.BMC public health · 2023Article
- Depression and HIV: a scoping review in search of neuroimmune biomarkers.Brain communications · 2023Article
- Sleep quality, social rhythms, and depression among people living with HIV: a path analysis based on social zeitgeber theory.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2023Article
- Validity of the patient health questionnaires (phq-2 and phq-9) for screening depression among human immunodeficiency virus patients in Lahore, Pakistan.World journal of virology · 2022Article
- Links Between Inflammation, Mood, and Physical Function Among Older Adults With HIV.The journals of gerontology. Series B, Psychological sciences and social sciences · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 4 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Depressive symptoms cause major impairment and may accelerate HIV progression despite the use of antiretroviral medication. The somatic symptoms criteria for HIV infection and depression partially overlap, which can make differential diagnosis challenging. Because of chronic inflammation caused by HIV infection, HIV-positive patients may develop somatic and affective-cognitive symptoms of depression. Inflammation-related depression is primarily characterized with severe somatic symptoms such as fatigue and sleep disturbance. This study sought to explore the patterns of somatic and cognitive-affective depressive symptoms that characterize HIV-positive patients. Our specific aims were (1) to identify subtypes of depressive symptoms in a sample of HIV-positive patients; and (2) to test the subtypes' difference on inflammatory and HIV disease progression biomarkers. HIV-positive men and women (N=102) with and without depressive symptoms were randomly selected from an Italian HIV clinic. Depressive symptoms (PHQ-9), viral load (VL), CD4+, Il-6, TNF-α, and monocytes were assessed. The three subtypes formed using Latent Class Analysis (LCA) identified patients with (1) severe cognitive-affective and somatic depressive symptoms; (2) severe/moderate somatic symptoms; and (3) absent or low depressive symptoms. The subtype with severe/moderate somatic symptoms was characterized with elevated levels of Il-6 and monocytes. No difference on HIV progression biomarkers was found. The subtypes of depressive symptoms might help differentiating depressive symptoms from HIV- and inflammatory-related somatic symptoms. When present, cognitive-affective and/or somatic symptoms cause significant impairment to patients' lives and thus warrant further assessment and treatment.
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