ArticlePediatric research2016
Cytokine responses in primary and secondary respiratory syncytial virus infections.
Article in Pediatric research, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT05164692 (Application of LiveSpo Navax in Treatment of Acute Respiratory Disease in Children Infected With Respiratory Syncytial Virus), which is not on this map. Cited by 10 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Application of LiveSpo Navax in Treatment of Acute Respiratory Disease in Children Infected With Respiratory Syncytial Virus
Who cites it
10 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 15 citations in OpenAlex.
- Prevalence of common respiratory viruses of infants with respiratory tract infections in European countries in the past decade: a systematic review and meta-analysis comparing between the pre-COVID-19, pandemic, and post-COVID-19 periods.European journal of pediatrics · 2026Pooled it
- Efficient symptomatic treatment and viral load reduction for children with influenza virus infection by nasal-spraying Bacillus spore probiotics.Scientific reports · 2023Trial
- Nasal-spraying Bacillus spores as an effective symptomatic treatment for children with acute respiratory syncytial virus infection.Scientific reports · 2022Trial
- Evaluation of dual pathogen recognition receptor agonists as adjuvants for respiratory syncytial virus - virus-like particles for pulmonary delivery.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- Identification of biomarkers for disease severity in nasopharyngeal secretions of infants with upper or lower respiratory tract viral infections.Clinical and experimental immunology · 2022Observational
- Type I Natural Killer T Cells as Key Regulators of the Immune Response to Infectious Diseases.Clinical microbiology reviews · 2021Review
- Titanium dioxide nanoparticles exaggerate respiratory syncytial virus-induced airway epithelial barrier dysfunction.American journal of physiology. Lung cellular and molecular physiology · 2020Article
- Time to Say Goodbye to Bronchiolitis, Viral Wheeze, Reactive Airways Disease, Wheeze Bronchitis and All That.Frontiers in pediatrics · 2020Review
- Contribution of Cytokines to Tissue Damage During Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection.Frontiers in immunology · 2019Review
- Cytokines in the Respiratory Airway as Biomarkers of Severity and Prognosis for Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection: An Update.Frontiers in immunology · 2019Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 4 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundPrimary respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infections are characterized by high levels of IL-8 and an intense neutrophilia. Little is known about the cytokine responses in secondary infections. Preschool children experiencing RSV secondary infections were recruited from the siblings of infants admitted to hospital with RSV acute bronchiolitis.
methodsFifty-one infants with acute bronchiolitis (39 RSV positive, 12 RSV negative) and 20 age-matched control infants were recruited. In addition, seven older siblings of infants from the RSV-positive cohort and confirmed RSV infection were recruited. Samples of nasal secretions were obtained using a flocked swab, and secretions extracted using centrifugation. Cytokine bead array was used to obtain levels of interleukin (IL)-17A, IL-8, IL-6, IL-21, and tumor necrosis factor-α.
resultsLevels of IL-8 and IL-6 were significantly lower in the RSV-positive siblings compared with the RSV-positive infants. There were no significant differences between levels of the other cytokines in the primary and secondary infections.
conclusionThe very high levels of IL-8 and IL-6 response characteristic of the primary RSV infection was not observed in secondary RSV-positive infections and this did not appear to be due to a global reduction in cytokine production.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.