ReviewNeural plasticity2016
The Endocannabinoid System in the Retina: From Physiology to Practical and Therapeutic Applications.
Review in Neural plasticity, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 32 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
32 citing papers in PubMed, 80 citations in OpenAlex.
- A fatty acid amide activates myeloid cells and improves neurovascular outcomes in retinal degeneration.Nature neuroscience · 2026Article
- Electroretinographical analysis of the effect of cannabidiol (CBD) in eyes of Zucker diabetic fatty rats.Journal of cannabis research · 2026Article
- Cannabinoid Receptor 2 Agonism Demonstrates Therapeutic Potential in Experimental Models of Relevance to Diabetic Retinopathy.Diabetes · 2025Article
- Induction of retinal progenitors and neurons from dental follicle stem cell under defined conditions.Journal of dental sciences · 2025Article
- The Endocannabinoid System in Retinal Müller Glia: Lessons From Astrocyte Research.Neurochemical research · 2025Review
- Cannabinoids Activate Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Response and Promote the Death of Avian Retinal Müller Cells in Culture.Brain sciences · 2025Article
- Neuroprotective Actions of Cannabinoids in the Bovine Isolated Retina: Role of Hydrogen Sulfide.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Nitric oxide modulates contrast suppression in a subset of mouse retinal ganglion cells.eLife · 2025Article
- Ocular effects of synthetic cannabinoids: a case-control study.Eye (London, England) · 2025Observational
- The endocannabinoid system and ophthalmic pathologies: a review of molecular mechanisms and its implications for clinical practice.Frontiers in medicine · 2025Review
- Postmarketing Surveillance of Full Spectrum Hemp Extract CBD Products: Reported Adverse Events and Serious Adverse Events.Drugs - real world outcomes · 2024Article
- Palmitoylethanolamide, an endogenous fatty acid amide, and its pleiotropic health benefits: A narrative review.Journal of biomedical research · 2024Article
- The Metabolism of 2-arachidonoylglycerol in Rod Outer Segments Is Modulated by Proteins Involved in the Phototransduction Process.Molecular neurobiology · 2024Article
- The Healthy and Diseased Retina Seen through Neuron-Glia Interactions.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Review
- Therapeutic Potential of Cannabinoids in Glaucoma.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Review
- Vitreous Fatty Amides and Acyl Carnitines Are Altered in Intermediate Age-Related Macular Degeneration.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2023Article
- Blockade of CB1 or Activation of CB2 Cannabinoid Receptors Is Differentially Efficacious in the Treatment of the Early Pathological Events in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats.International journal of molecular sciences · 2022Article
- (Wh)olistic (E)ndocannabinoidome-Microbiome-Axis Modulation through (N)utrition (WHEN) to Curb Obesity and Related Disorders.Lipids in health and disease · 2022Review
- A Reflection Upon the Contribution of Retinal and Cortical Electrophysiology to Time of Information Processing in Psychiatric Disorders.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2022Article
- Variations of retinal dysfunctions with the level of cannabis use in regular users: Toward a better understanding of cannabis use pathophysiology.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Cannabis is one of the most prevalent drugs used in industrialized countries. The main effects of Cannabis are mediated by two major exogenous cannabinoids: ∆9-tetrahydroxycannabinol and cannabidiol. They act on specific endocannabinoid receptors, especially types 1 and 2. Mammals are endowed with a functional cannabinoid system including cannabinoid receptors, ligands, and enzymes. This endocannabinoid signaling pathway is involved in both physiological and pathophysiological conditions with a main role in the biology of the central nervous system. As the retina is a part of the central nervous system due to its embryonic origin, we aim at providing the relevance of studying the endocannabinoid system in the retina. Here, we review the distribution of the cannabinoid receptors, ligands, and enzymes in the retina and focus on the role of the cannabinoid system in retinal neurobiology. This review describes the presence of the cannabinoid system in critical stages of retinal processing and its broad involvement in retinal neurotransmission, neuroplasticity, and neuroprotection. Accordingly, we support the use of synthetic cannabinoids as new neuroprotective drugs to prevent and treat retinal diseases. Finally, we argue for the relevance of functional retinal measures in cannabis users to evaluate the impact of cannabis use on human retinal processing.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.