ReviewCurrent pain and headache reports2016
Botulinum Toxin: Pharmacology and Therapeutic Roles in Pain States.
Review in Current pain and headache reports, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 18 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
18 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 63 citations in OpenAlex.
- An indirect comparison meta-analysis of noninvasive intravesical instillation and intravesical injection of botulinum toxin-A in bladder disorders.International urology and nephrology · 2022Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Pragmatic single center longitudinal study assessing radial extracorporeal shock wave therapy for patients with severe mental and physical disabilities.Scientific reports · 2025Trial
- The Safety of OnabotulinumtoxinA (OnabotA) During Pregnancy and Breastfeeding: Implications for Chronic Migraines.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Gut Microbiota Improve the Prediction of Stroke-Associated Pneumonia Risk and Outcomes in Acute Ischemic Stroke.Translational stroke research · 2025Article
- Botulinum toxin treatment in a resource-limited setting: Experiences from a public institution in a developing countryBiomedica : revista del Instituto Nacional de Salud · 2025Article
- Intralesional Botulinum Toxin A for Keloid Treatment: A Review of Efficacy, Safety, and Clinical Applications.Clinical, cosmetic and investigational dermatology · 2025Review
- Therapeutic strategies focusing on immune dysregulation and neuroinflammation in rosacea.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Review
- Use of botulinum toxin in aesthetic medicine and gynaecology: current approaches, controversies, and future directions.Przeglad menopauzalny = Menopause review · 2023Review
- The Development of Psychiatric Illness and Chemoprophylaxis of Botulinum Toxin in Migraine: A Narrative Review.Cureus · 2022Review
- Article
- Analgesic potential of different available commercial brands of botulinum neurotoxin-A in formalin-induced orofacial pain in mice.Toxicon: X · 2021Article
- Chronic pain during pregnancy: a review of the literature.International journal of women's health · 2018Review
- ABMA, a small molecule that inhibits intracellular toxins and pathogens by interfering with late endosomal compartments.Scientific reports · 2017Article
- New Uses of AbobotulinumtoxinA in Aesthetics.Aesthetic surgery journal · 2017Review
- Interventional Pain Management in Multidisciplinary Chronic Pain Clinics: A Prospective Multicenter Cohort Study with One-Year Follow-Up.Pain research and treatment · 2017Article
- Comparison of neurotoxic potency between a novel chinbotulinumtoxinA with onabotulinumtoxinA, incobotulinumtoxinA and lanbotulinumtoxinA in rats.Drug design, development and therapy · 2017Article
- Persistent Facial Blanching after Botulinum Toxin Injection.Case reports in dermatologyArticle
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Botulinum toxin, also known as Botox, is produced by Clostridium botulinum, a gram-positive anaerobic bacterium, and botulinum toxin injections are among the most commonly practiced cosmetic procedures in the USA. Although botulinum toxin is typically associated with cosmetic procedures, it can be used to treat a variety of other conditions, including pain. Botulinum toxin blocks the release of acetylcholine from nerve endings to paralyze muscles and to decrease the pain response. Botulinum toxin has a long duration of action, lasting up to 5 months after initial treatment which makes it an excellent treatment for chronic pain patients. This manuscript will outline in detail why botulinum toxin is used as a successful treatment for pain in multiple conditions as well as outline the risks associated with using botulinum toxin in certain individuals. As of today, the only FDA-approved chronic condition that botulinum toxin can be used to treat is migraines and this is related to its ability to decrease muscle tension and increase muscle relaxation. Contraindications to botulinum toxin treatments are limited to a hypersensitivity to the toxin or an infection at the site of injection, and there are no known drug interactions with botulinum toxin. Botulinum toxin is an advantageous and effective alternative pain treatment and a therapy to consider for those that do not respond to opioid treatment. In summary, botulinum toxin is a relatively safe and effective treatment for individuals with certain pain conditions, including migraines. More research is warranted to elucidate chronic and long-term implications of botulinum toxin treatment as well as effects in pregnant, elderly, and adolescent patients.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.