ArticlePsychological medicine2016
Does depression diagnosis and antidepressant prescribing vary by location? Analysis of ethnic density associations using a large primary-care dataset.
Article in Psychological medicine, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 20 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
20 citing papers in PubMed, 35 citations in OpenAlex.
- Article
- Building a Machine Learning Model to Predict Postpartum Depression from Electronic Health Records in a Tertiary Care Setting.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Article
- Access to psychological therapies amongst patients with a mental health diagnosis in primary care: a data linkage study.Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology · 2025Article
- Mental health impact of cuts to local government spending on cultural, environmental and planning services in England: a longitudinal ecological study.BMC public health · 2023Article
- The use of culturally adapted and translated depression screening questionnaires with South Asian haemodialysis patients in England.PloS one · 2023Article
- Explaining ethnic variations in adolescent mental health: a secondary analysis of the Millennium Cohort Study.Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology · 2022Article
- Hispanic Ethnic Density May Be Protective for Older Black/African American and Non-Hispanic White Populations for Some Health Conditions: An Exploration of Support and Neighborhood Mechanisms.Annals of behavioral medicine : a publication of the Society of Behavioral Medicine · 2022Article
- Access to mental healthcare in the year after first fit note: a longitudinal study of linked clinical records.BMJ open · 2021Article
- Ethnic differences in guideline-indicated statin initiation for people with type 2 diabetes in UK primary care, 2006-2019: A cohort study.PLoS medicine · 2021 · on this mapObservational
- Development and validation of a machine learning algorithm for predicting the risk of postpartum depression among pregnant women.Journal of affective disorders · 2021Article
- Cross-classified multilevel models (CCMM) in health research: A systematic review of published empirical studies and recommendations for best practices.SSM - population health · 2020Review
- Use of sequence analysis for classifying individual antidepressant trajectories to monitor population mental health.BMC psychiatry · 2020Article
- Incidence and prevalence of primary care antidepressant prescribing in children and young people in England, 1998-2017: A population-based cohort study.PLoS medicine · 2020Article
- Trends in antidepressant prescriptions in children and young people in England, 1998-2017: protocol of a cohort study using linked primary care and secondary care datasets.Evidence-based mental health · 2019Article
- Does the ethnic density effect extend to obesity? A cross-sectional study of 415 166 adults in east London.BMJ open · 2019Article
- Depression among Black Youth; Interaction of Class and Place.Brain sciences · 2018Article
- Precision medicine: does ethnicity information complement genotype-based prescribing decisions?Therapeutic advances in drug safety · 2018Review
- New directions in neighbourhood research-a commentary on Lovasi et al. (2016): Cause and context: place-based approaches to investigate how environments affect mental health.Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology · 2017Article
- Is individual smoking behaviour influenced by area-level ethnic density? A cross-sectional electronic health database study of inner south-east London.ERJ open research · 2017Article
- Minority status and mental distress: a comparison of group density effects.Psychological medicine · 2016Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundStudies have linked ethnic differences in depression rates with neighbourhood ethnic density although results have not been conclusive. We looked at this using a novel approach analysing whole population data covering just over one million GP patients in four London boroughs.
methodUsing a dataset of GP records for all patients registered in Lambeth, Hackney, Tower Hamlets and Newham in 2013 we investigated new diagnoses of depression and antidepressant use for: Indian, Pakistani, Bangladeshi, black Caribbean and black African patients. Neighbourhood effects were assessed independently of GP practice using a cross-classified multilevel model.
resultsBlack and minority ethnic groups are up to four times less likely to be newly diagnosed with depression or prescribed antidepressants compared to white British patients. We found an inverse relationship between neighbourhood ethnic density and new depression diagnosis for some groups, where an increase of 10% own-ethnic density was associated with a statistically significant (p < 0.05) reduced odds of depression for Pakistani [odds ratio (OR) 0.81, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.70-0.93], Indian (OR 0.88, CI 0.81-0.95), African (OR 0.88, CI 0.78-0.99) and Bangladeshi (OR 0.94, CI 0.90-0.99) patients. Black Caribbean patients, however, showed the opposite effect (OR 1.26, CI 1.09-1.46). The results for antidepressant use were very similar although the corresponding effect for black Caribbeans was no longer statistically significant (p = 0.07).
conclusionNew depression diagnosis and antidepressant use was shown to be less likely in areas of higher own-ethnic density for some, but not all, ethnic groups.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.