ArticleeLife2016
Elevation of CpG frequencies in influenza A genome attenuates pathogenicity but enhances host response to infection.
Article in eLife, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 80 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
80 citing papers in PubMed.
- Balancing Genome Plasticity and Evolutionary Constraint During the Long-Term Evolution of Feline Coronaviruses.Viruses · 2026Article
- The genomic sequence of packaged viral ribonucleic acid predicts mucosal HIV-1 transmission fitness.iScience · 2026Article
- Increased or decreased numbers of CpG dinucleotide motifs in the genome of influenza A virus do not affectJournal of virology · 2026Article
- Multilayered nucleotide organization reveals purifying selection and host-driven adaptation in CPV and FPV.BMC veterinary research · 2026Article
- SPRY domains encode ubiquitin ligase specificity for ZAP and RIG-I.PLoS pathogens · 2026Article
- Deciphering 6-mer Spectra Distribution Rules in Coronavirus Genomes: Application to Comparative Genomic Analysis.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- Genomic features associated with sustained mammalian transmission of avian influenza A viruses.Nature microbiology · 2026Article
- Genome-Wide Codon Reprogramming Enables a Multifactorially Attenuated Influenza Vaccine with Broad Cross-Protection.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026Article
- Effects of Korean red ginseng on the HIV-1Journal of ginseng research · 2026Article
- RNA editing signatures and codon adaptation reveal potential translational compatibility between Hendra virus and its natural host Pteropus Alecto.Archives of microbiology · 2025Article
- Mapping evolutionary paradigm of bovine viral diarrhea virusVirulence · 2025Article
- Effect of increased CpG and UpA dinucleotides in the West Nile virus genome on virus transmission byJournal of virology · 2025Article
- Understanding off-target growth defects introduced to influenza A virus by synonymous recoding.RNA (New York, N.Y.) · 2025Article
- Evolutionary paradigm of distinct viral coding regions of BVDV associated with different nucleotide usage patterns.BMC veterinary research · 2025Article
- West Nile virus vaccine candidates attenuated by dinucleotide enrichment are immunogenic and protective against lethal infection.PLoS pathogens · 2025Article
- Mammalian antiviral proteins ZAP and KHNYN can independently restrict CpG-enriched avian viruses.PLoS biology · 2025Article
- Mammalian ZAP and KHNYN can independently restrict CpG-enriched avian viruses.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
- Design and nonviral delivery of live attenuated vaccine to prevent chronic hepatitis C virus-like infection.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Codon-deoptimized single-round infectious virus for therapeutic and vaccine applications.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Machine learning methods for predicting human-adaptive influenza A virus reassortment based on intersegment constraint.Frontiers in microbiology · 2025Article
20 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
12 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Previously, we demonstrated that frequencies of CpG and UpA dinucleotides profoundly influence the replication ability of echovirus 7 (Tulloch et al., 2014). Here, we show that that influenza A virus (IAV) with maximised frequencies of these dinucleotides in segment 5 showed comparable attenuation in cell culture compared to unmodified virus and a permuted control (CDLR). Attenuation was also manifested in vivo, with 10-100 fold reduced viral loads in lungs of mice infected with 200PFU of CpG-high and UpA-high mutants. However, both induced powerful inflammatory cytokine and adaptive (T cell and neutralising antibody) responses disproportionate to their replication. CpG-high infected mice also showed markedly reduced clinical severity, minimal weight loss and reduced immmunopathology in lung, yet sterilising immunity to lethal dose WT challenge was achieved after low dose (20PFU) pre-immunisation with this mutant. Increasing CpG dinucleotide frequencies represents a generic and potentially highly effective method for generating safe, highly immunoreactive vaccines.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.