ArticleNature immunology2016
The cellular composition of the human immune system is shaped by age and cohabitation.
Article in Nature immunology, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. It is linked to trial NCT05174624 (The Healthy Human Global Project - Hong Kong), which is not on this map. Cited by 196 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
The Healthy Human Global Project - Hong Kong: A Community-based Cross-sectional Study on Genetic and Environmental Determinants of Immune Phenotype Variance in a Healthy Asian Population - Establishing a Path Towards Personalized Medicine
Who cites it
196 citing papers in PubMed, 324 citations in OpenAlex.
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- An integrative approach for studying immunological variation in an aging population - The Milieu Intérieur follow-up study.Nature communications · 2026Article
- scHILL: deciphering individual-level immune cell heterogeneity with single-cell RNA sequencing data.Briefings in bioinformatics · 2026Article
- Familial healthy aging and longevity: the role of spouses.BMC medicine · 2026Article
- Integrated drivers of basal and acute immunity in diverse human populations.Cell reports. Medicine · 2026Article
- Single-cell analysis of the human immune system reveals sex-specific dynamics of immunosenescence.Nature aging · 2026Article
- Human Influenza Virus Infection: A Focus on Key Host Determinants Linked to Clinical Disease Severity.Viruses · 2026Review
- Early-life immunological and microbial differences between East African and North European children.Communications medicine · 2026Article
- The X Factor in Immunity: Sex Differences Shaped by the X Chromosome.Immunological reviews · 2026Review
- Genetic and non-genetic factors distinctly shape the variation of the immune response in cattle.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Circadian-shaped immune variability predicts infection outcome.Science advances · 2026Article
- The changing immune landscape of innate-like T cells and other innate cells throughout life.Immunology and cell biology · 2026Article
- Integrated analysis of sex differences in human dendritic cell, monocyte, and natural killer cell subsets.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Systemic nutritional status and its dynamic changes as predictors of response to neoadjuvant immunotherapy in locally advanced MSS/pMMR colorectal cancer.Frontiers in medicine · 2026Article
136 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
- Erratum issued
Authors and funding
11 authors at 4 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Detailed population-level description of the human immune system has recently become achievable. We used a 'systems-level' approach to establish a resource of cellular immune profiles of 670 healthy individuals. We report a high level of interindividual variation, with low longitudinal variation, at the level of cellular subset composition of the immune system. Despite the profound effects of antigen exposure on individual antigen-specific clones, the cellular subset structure proved highly elastic, with transient vaccination-induced changes followed by a return to the individual's unique baseline. Notably, the largest influence on immunological variation identified was cohabitation, with 50% less immunological variation between individuals who share an environment (as parents) than between people in the wider population. These results identify local environmental conditions as a key factor in shaping the human immune system.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.