ArticleImmunity2016
In Vivo Killing Capacity of Cytotoxic T Cells Is Limited and Involves Dynamic Interactions and T Cell Cooperativity.
Article in Immunity, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 139 papers.
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The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
139 citing papers in PubMed.
- Epitope-specific airway-resident CD4+ T cell dynamics during experimental human RSV infection.The Journal of clinical investigation · 2020Trial
- Tumor gasdermin E acts as a rheostat to limit apoptotic cell survival and mutagenesis in anticancer immune environments.Science advances · 2026Article
- Chimeric antigen receptor T (CAR-T) cell therapy in non-oncological diseases.Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2026Review
- L-type voltage-gated CaEMBO reports · 2026Article
- Design principles of the cytotoxic CD8Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2026Article
- Immunoinformatic Design and Evaluation of a Multi-Epitope mRNA Vaccine RP14914P Targeting Latent Tuberculosis Infection.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Cytotoxic lymphocytes counteract viral type I interferon immune evasion.PLoS pathogens · 2026Article
- Differentiation-induced reduction in functional diversity restricts the ability of cytomegalovirus-specific CD8 T cells to eliminate virus-infected cells.EBioMedicine · 2026Article
- Finding and filling the knowledge gaps in mechanisms of T cell-mediated TB immunity to inform vaccine design.Nature reviews. Immunology · 2025Review
- Design principles of the cytotoxic CD8ArXiv · 2025Article
- Design principles of the cytotoxic CD8bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
- Mechanoregulation of lymphocyte cytotoxicity.Nature reviews. Immunology · 2025Review
- Immunological synapse: structures, molecular mechanisms and therapeutic implications in disease.Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2025Review
- Herpes simplex virus assembly and spread in murine skin after infection from the outside.Journal of virology · 2025Article
- Viral Infection and Dissemination Through the Lymphatic System.Microorganisms · 2025Review
- Significance of CD8+T cells related gene ITGB2 in prognosis and tumor microenvironment of small cell lung cancer.Medicine · 2025Article
- Mechanisms of natural killer cell-mediated clearance of senescent renal tubular epithelial cells.Frontiers in cell and developmental biology · 2025Article
- Tumor cell spheroid-induced suppression of primary human cytotoxic T cells as a scalableImmunotherapy advances · 2025Article
- Programmed cell death: molecular mechanisms, biological functions, diseases, and therapeutic targets.MedComm · 2024Review
- Effects of virus-induced immunogenic cues on oncolytic virotherapy.Scientific reports · 2024Article
79 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
23 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
According to in vitro assays, T cells are thought to kill rapidly and efficiently, but the efficacy and dynamics of cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL)-mediated killing of virus-infected cells in vivo remains elusive. We used two-photon microscopy to quantify CTL-mediated killing in mice infected with herpesviruses or poxviruses. On average, one CTL killed 2-16 virus-infected cells per day as determined by real-time imaging and by mathematical modeling. In contrast, upon virus-induced MHC class I downmodulation, CTLs failed to destroy their targets. During killing, CTLs remained migratory and formed motile kinapses rather than static synapses with targets. Viruses encoding the calcium sensor GCaMP6s revealed strong heterogeneity in individual CTL functional capacity. Furthermore, the probability of death of infected cells increased for those contacted by more than two CTLs, indicative of CTL cooperation. Thus, direct visualization of CTLs during killing of virus-infected cells reveals crucial parameters of CD8(+) T cell immunity.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.