ArticleCognition2016
The not face: A grammaticalization of facial expressions of emotion.
Article in Cognition, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 22 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
22 citing papers in PubMed.
- Dynamic facial movements shape how confident speakers appear.Proceedings. Biological sciences · 2026Article
- Article
- Measuring Emotion Perception Ability Using AI-Generated Stimuli: Development and Validation of the PAGE Test.Journal of Intelligence · 2025Article
- Evidence for compositional abilities in one-year-old infants.Communications psychology · 2025Article
- An android can show the facial expressions of complex emotions.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Facial signals shape predictions about the nature of upcoming conversational responses.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Evaluating human perceptions of android robot facial expressions based on variations in instruction styles.Frontiers in robotics and AI · 2025Article
- Cross-Linguistic Recognition of Irony Through Visual and Acoustic Cues.Journal of psycholinguistic research · 2024Article
- Semantic and syntactic processing of emojis in sentential intermediate positions.Cognitive neurodynamics · 2024Article
- Interactionally Embedded Gestalt Principles of Multimodal Human Communication.Perspectives on psychological science : a journal of the Association for Psychological Science · 2023Review
- Clients' Facial Expressions of Self-Compassion, Self-Criticism, and Self-Protection in Emotion-Focused Therapy Videos.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2023Article
- Specific facial signals associate with categories of social actions conveyed through questions.PloS one · 2023Article
- Visual bodily signals as core devices for coordinating minds in interaction.Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences · 2022Review
- From Seed to System: The Emergence of Non-Manual Markers for Wh-Questions in Nicaraguan Sign Language.Languages (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
- The dynamic mask: Facial correlates of character portrayal in professional actors.Quarterly journal of experimental psychology (2006) · 2022Article
- Facial Signals and Social Actions in Multimodal Face-to-Face Interaction.Brain sciences · 2021Article
- What the face displays: Mapping 28 emotions conveyed by naturalistic expression.The American psychologist · 2020Article
- Discriminant Functional Learning of Color Features for the Recognition of Facial Action Units and Their Intensities.IEEE transactions on pattern analysis and machine intelligence · 2019Article
- Widespread and lateralized social brain activity for processing dynamic facial expressions.Human brain mapping · 2019Article
- The promises and perils of automated facial action coding in studying children's emotions.Developmental psychology · 2019Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Facial expressions of emotion are thought to have evolved from the development of facial muscles used in sensory regulation and later adapted to express moral judgment. Negative moral judgment includes the expressions of anger, disgust and contempt. Here, we study the hypothesis that these facial expressions of negative moral judgment have further evolved into a facial expression of negation regularly used as a grammatical marker in human language. Specifically, we show that people from different cultures expressing negation use the same facial muscles as those employed to express negative moral judgment. We then show that this nonverbal signal is used as a co-articulator in speech and that, in American Sign Language, it has been grammaticalized as a non-manual marker. Furthermore, this facial expression of negation exhibits the theta oscillation (3-8 Hz) universally seen in syllable and mouthing production in speech and signing. These results provide evidence for the hypothesis that some components of human language have evolved from facial expressions of emotion, and suggest an evolutionary route for the emergence of grammatical markers.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.