ArticleEBioMedicine2016
Adjuvant-enhanced CD4 T Cell Responses are Critical to Durable Vaccine Immunity.
Article in EBioMedicine, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT04672291 (A Phase I-Ib, Double-blinded, Randomized Repeated Dose Single Center, Safety and Immunogenicity Study of Nasal Poly-ICLC), which is not on this map. Cited by 46 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
A Phase I-Ib, Double-blinded, Randomized Repeated Dose Single Center, Safety and Immunogenicity Study of Nasal Poly-ICLC (Hiltonol®) in Healthy COVID-19 Vaccinated Adults
Who cites it
46 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 63 citations in OpenAlex.
- Structural Basis for CD4+ T Cell Epitope Dominance in Arbo-Flavivirus Envelope Proteins: A Meta-Analysis.Viral immunology · 2017Pooled it
- First-in-human study of WT1 recombinant protein vaccination in elderly patients with AML in remission: a single-center experience.Cancer immunology, immunotherapy : CII · 2022Trial
- Safety and immunogenicity of an MF59-adjuvanted spike glycoprotein-clamp vaccine for SARS-CoV-2: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 1 trial.The Lancet. Infectious diseases · 2021Trial
- Viral Vaccine Adjuvant Strategies for Shaping Durable Immunity Across the Human Lifespan.Vaccines · 2026Review
- Ostreae Testa enhances anti-tumor immunity by activating T cells via antigen-presenting cell stimulation.Cell communication and signaling : CCS · 2026Article
- Review
- Discovery of a small molecule TLR3 agonist adjuvant.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Vaccine optimization for highly pathogenic avian influenza: Assessment of antibody responses and protection for virus-like particle vaccines in chickens.Vaccine: X · 2024Article
- A nanoparticle vaccine displaying the ookinete PSOP25 antigen elicits transmission-blocking antibody response against Plasmodium berghei.Parasites & vectors · 2023Article
- A VLP-Based Vaccine Displaying HBHA and MTP Antigens ofVaccines · 2023Article
- Filoviruses: Innate Immunity, Inflammatory Cell Death, and Cytokines.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Review
- A microarray patch SARS-CoV-2 vaccine induces sustained antibody responses and polyfunctional cellular immunity.iScience · 2022Article
- An Evaluation of Ethograms Measuring Distinct Features of Enrichment Use by Captive Chimpanzees (Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2022Article
- Adjuvant Discovery via a High Throughput Screen using Human Primary Mononuclear Cells.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2022Article
- Innate Immune Memory and the Host Response to Infection.Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) · 2022Review
- Exploiting viral sensing mediated by Toll-like receptors to design innovative vaccines.NPJ vaccines · 2021Review
- Synergistic effect of non-neutralizing antibodies and interferon-γ for cross-protection against influenza.iScience · 2021Article
- Monophosphoryl Lipid A and Poly I:C Combination Adjuvant Promoted Ovalbumin-Specific Cell Mediated Immunity in Mice Model.Biology · 2021Article
- Protein Immunization Induces Memory CD4Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) · 2021Article
- Landscape and selection of vaccine epitopes in SARS-CoV-2.Genome medicine · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
9 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Protein-based vaccines offer a safer alternative to live-attenuated or inactivated vaccines but have limited immunogenicity. The identification of adjuvants that augment immunogenicity, specifically in a manner that is durable and antigen-specific, is therefore critical for advanced development. In this study, we use the filovirus virus-like particle (VLP) as a model protein-based vaccine in order to evaluate the impact of four candidate vaccine adjuvants on enhancing long term protection from Ebola virus challenge. Adjuvants tested include poly-ICLC (Hiltonol), MPLA, CpG 2395, and alhydrogel. We compared and contrasted antibody responses, neutralizing antibody responses, effector T cell responses, and T follicular helper (Tfh) cell frequencies with each adjuvant's impact on durable protection. We demonstrate that in this system, the most effective adjuvant elicits a Th1-skewed antibody response and strong CD4 T cell responses, including an increase in Tfh frequency. Using immune-deficient animals and adoptive transfer of serum and cells from vaccinated animals into naïve animals, we further demonstrate that serum and CD4 T cells play a critical role in conferring protection within effective vaccination regimens. These studies inform on the requirements of long term immune protection, which can potentially be used to guide screening of clinical-grade adjuvants for vaccine clinical development.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.