ReviewOpen heart
Pentoxifylline for vascular health: a brief review of the literature.
Review in Open heart. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 49 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
49 citing papers in PubMed, 129 citations in OpenAlex.
- Short- and Middle-Term Nephroprotective and Cardioprotective Effects of Pentoxifylline in Patients with Diabetic Nephropathy: A Randomized Controlled Trial.Medical sciences (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Trial
- M2-associated microglial states in oligodendrocyte regulation and white matter repair in vascular dementia.Journal of translational medicine · 2026Review
- A Sustainable Spectrofluorimetric Quenching Approach for Determination of Pentoxifylline or Donepezil HCl via Complexation With Erythrosine B: Application to Tablets and Human Plasma.Luminescence : the journal of biological and chemical luminescence · 2026Article
- Anticipating implementation: A mixed methods study of future prescribing determinants within an ongoing trial of clinical effectiveness.Implementation science communications · 2026Article
- Protective effect of pentoxifylline against high-glucose-induced ferroptosis in vascular smooth muscle cells.Journal of molecular endocrinology · 2026Article
- Article
- Significance of Whole Blood Viscosity in Acute Ischemic Stroke.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- High-Intensity Interval Training Enhances the Positive Effect of Pentoxifylline on Lipid Profile and Inflammatory Markers in an Endometriosis Animal Model.BioMed research international · 2025Article
- Protective Effect of Pentoxifylline on the Development of Acute Gastric Mucosal Injury in a Model of LPS-Induced Sepsis.Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Adenosine A2AR in viral immune evasion and therapy: unveiling new avenues for treating COVID-19 and AIDS.Molecular biology reports · 2024Review
- Targeting cAMP signaling and phosphodiesterase 4 for liver disease treatment.Medicinal chemistry research : an international journal for rapid communications on design and mechanisms of action of biologically active agents · 2024Article
- Assessment of Bitterness in Non-Charged Pharmaceuticals with a Taste Sensor: A Study on Substances with Xanthine Scaffold and Allopurinol.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- To Determine the Efficacy of Pentoxifylline in the Management of Bell's Palsy.Indian journal of otolaryngology and head and neck surgery : official publication of the Association of Otolaryngologists of India · 2024Article
- Evaluation of pharmacokinetics and relative bioavailability of pentoxifylline and its metabolite in beagle dogs following different formulations.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2024Article
- Effect of pentoxifylline on endothelial dysfunction, oxidative stress and inflammatory markers in STEMI patients.Future science OA · 2024Article
- Methylglyoxal in Cardiometabolic Disorders: Routes Leading to Pathology Counterbalanced by Treatment Strategies.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Review
- Interrogating colorectal cancer metastasis to liver: a search for clinically viable compounds and mechanistic insights in colorectal cancer Patient Derived Organoids.Journal of experimental & clinical cancer research : CR · 2023Article
- Single-cell transcriptomes reveal heterogeneity of chlorine-induced mice acute lung injury and the inhibitory effect of pentoxifylline on ferroptosis.Scientific reports · 2023Article
- Treatment with benznidazole and pentoxifylline regulates microRNA transcriptomic profile in a murine model of Chagas chronic cardiomyopathy.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2023Article
- Development and Validation a UPLC-MS/MS Method for Quantification of Pentoxifylline in Beagle Plasma: Application for Pharmacokinetic Study of Food Effect.Drug design, development and therapy · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Pentoxifylline is a methylxanthine derivative that has been used for several decades in the symptomatic management of intermittent claudication. For reasons that remain fairly obscure, this drug benefits blood rheology in a number of complementary ways: decreasing blood and plasma viscosity, lowering plasma fibrinogen while promoting fibrinolysis, and improving blood filterability by enhancing erythrocyte distensibility and lessening neutrophil activation. Anti-inflammatory effects on neutrophils and macrophage/monocytes-some of them attributable to pentoxifylline metabolites-appear to play a mediating role in this regard. Although clinical trials with pentoxifylline have often been too small in size to reach statistically significant findings regarding impacts on hard end points, a review of the existing literature suggests that pentoxifylline may have potential for slowing the progression of atherosclerosis, stabilising plaque, reducing risk for vascular events, improving the outcome of vascular events, dampening the systemic inflammatory response following cardiopulmonary bypass, providing symptomatic benefit in angina and intermittent claudication, enhancing cerebral blood flow in patients with cerebrovascular disease while slowing progression of vascular dementia, improving prognosis in congestive heart failure, and aiding diabetes control. This safe and usually well-tolerated drug works in ways quite distinct from other drugs more commonly used for cardiovascular protection, and hence may confer complementary benefit when used in conjunction with them. Major clinical trials of adequate statistical power are now needed to confirm the scope of benefits that pentoxifylline can confer; studies evaluating hard end points in acute coronary syndrome, stroke/transient ischaemic attack and systolic heart failure might be particularly valuable.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.