ReviewFrontiers in psychiatry2016
The Addictive Model of Self-Harming (Non-suicidal and Suicidal) Behavior.
Review in Frontiers in psychiatry, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT07641283 (A Randomized, Double-Blinded Clinical Trial to Evaluate the Effectiveness of Naltrexone in Improving Nonsuicidal Self-Injurious Behavior), which is not on this map. Cited by 72 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
A Randomized, Double-Blinded Clinical Trial to Evaluate the Effectiveness of Naltrexone in Improving Nonsuicidal Self-Injurious Behavior
Who cites it
72 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Substance Use and Non-Suicidal Self-Injury among Adolescents: A Meta-Analysis of Association Patterns and Moderating Factors.Journal of youth and adolescence · 2026Pooled it
- Scars, screens, and stakes: Link between non-suicidal self-injury and problem gambling, problem gaming, and problematic internet use - A systematic review.Journal of behavioral addictions · 2025Pooled it
- Cannabinoid Receptors, Mental Pain and Suicidal Behavior: a Systematic Review.Current psychiatry reports · 2018Pooled it
- Imaginator: A Proof-of-Concept Feasibility Trial of a Brief Imagery-Based Psychological Intervention for Young People Who Self-Harm.Suicide & life-threatening behavior · 2020Trial
- Anxiety influences the addictive feature of non-suicidal self-injury behavior via somatic symptom in adolescents with major depressive disorder.Molecular psychiatry · 2026Article
- Non-Suicidal Self-Injury in Adolescents With Major Depressive Disorder: The Role of Beta-Endorphin, Psychological Pain, and Anhedonia.Alpha psychiatry · 2026Article
- "Feeling unseen": Generation and psychometric validation of a scale assessing sense of absence.Journal of behavioral addictions · 2026Article
- Evaluating a brief MBCT programme for non-suicidal self-injury in individuals with BPD: a within-subject pre-post pilot study.Borderline personality disorder and emotion dysregulation · 2026Article
- Protective role of perceived social support against adolescent self-injury addiction: Serial mediation of negative emotion and impulsivity.World journal of psychiatry · 2026Article
- Interrelationships Between Self-Injury Addiction, Traumatic Experiences, and Rumination Among Adolescents With Non-Suicidal Self-Injury: A Network Analysis.Alpha psychiatry · 2026Article
- Research progress on the characteristic features of non-suicidal self-injury addiction, neuroimaging correlates, and evidence-based interventions in adolescents.Frontiers in psychology · 2026Review
- Depressive symptoms and subjective cognitive dysfunction associated with non-suicidal self-injury among Chinese adolescents: the mediating role of impulsivity and the moderating role of addictive features.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2026Article
- Trait, state, and behavior in adolescent NSSI addiction: a serial mediation model linking childhood trauma to NSSI addiction.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2026Article
- Research progress on addictive features and reward circuit mechanisms in non-suicidal self-injury and the feasibility of precision neuromodulation.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2026Review
- Recurrence of suicidal episodes in individuals with probable borderline personality disorder: one-year follow-up study.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2026Article
- Structural-functional connectivity decoupling reveals neural differences associated with subtypes of nonsuicidal self-injury among female depressive adolescents.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2026Article
- Prediction and impact of maladaptive perfectionism on non-suicidal self-injury in adolescents: a study based on machine learning and structural equation modeling.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2026Article
- Non-Suicidal Self-Injury: Pain Addiction Mechanisms, Neurophysiological Signatures, and Therapeutic Advances.Journal of clinical medicine research · 2025Review
- Impaired neural activity and functional connectivity in the hippocampus of adolescents with non-suicidal self-injury addiction.BMC psychiatry · 2025Article
- Profiles and transitions of non-suicidal self-injury with addictive features in adolescents: Predictive role of maladaptive cognitive schemas.Journal of behavioral addictions · 2025Article
12 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
introductionBehavioral addictions such as gambling, sun-tanning, shopping, Internet use, work, exercise, or even love and sex are frequent, and share many characteristics and common neurobiological and genetic underpinnings with substance addictions (i.e., tolerance, withdrawal, and relapse). Recent literature suggests that both non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) and suicidal behavior (SB) can also be conceptualized as addictions. The major aim of this mini review is to review the literature and explore the neurobiological and psychological mechanisms underlying the addiction to self-harming behaviors.
methodThis is a narrative review. The authors performed literature searches in PubMed and Google for suicidal behavior, self-harming, addiction, and "major repeaters." Given the scarce literature on the topic, a subset of the most closely related studies was selected. The authors also focused on three empirical studies testing the hypothesis that major repeaters (individuals with ≥5 lifetime suicide attempts) represent a distinctive suicidal phenotype and are the individuals at risk of developing an addiction to SB.
resultsThe authors reviewed the concept of behavioral addictions and major repeaters, current empirical evidence testing concerning whether or not NSSI and SB can be understood as "addictions," and the putative mechanisms underlying them.
conclusionOur review suggests that both NSSI and SB can be conceptualized as addictions. This is relevant because if some individual's self-harming behaviors are better conceptualized as an addiction, treatment approaches could be tailored to this addiction.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.