ArticlePloS one2016
Experimental Approach Reveals the Role of alx1 in the Evolution of the Echinoderm Larval Skeleton.
Article in PloS one, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 18 papers.
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Who cites it
18 citing papers in PubMed, 32 citations in OpenAlex.
- Conservation and diversity of genes expressed in the spines of the sea urchin.Genes & genomics · 2026Article
- Shared regulatory function of non-genomic thyroid hormone signaling in echinoderm skeletogenesis.EvoDevo · 2024Article
- Transcription of microRNAs is regulated by developmental signaling pathways and transcription factors.Frontiers in cell and developmental biology · 2024Article
- Gene regulatory divergence amongst echinoderms underlies appearance of pigment cells in sea urchin development.Developmental biology · 2023Article
- Phylogenomic analyses of echinoid diversification prompt a re-evaluation of their fossil record.eLife · 2022Article
- Toxicological Impact of Rare Earth Elements (REEs) on the Reproduction and Development of Aquatic Organisms Using Sea Urchins as Biological Models.International journal of molecular sciences · 2022Review
- The Evolution of Biomineralization through the Co-Option of Organic Scaffold Forming Networks.Cells · 2022Review
- Review
- Gene regulation of adult skeletogenesis in starfish and modifications during gene network co-option.Scientific reports · 2021Article
- Analysis of the DNA-binding properties of Alx1, an evolutionarily conserved regulator of skeletogenesis in echinoderms.The Journal of biological chemistry · 2021Article
- FGF signalling plays similar roles in development and regeneration of the skeleton in the brittle star Amphiura filiformis.Development (Cambridge, England) · 2021Article
- Transcription Factors of the Alx Family: Evolutionarily Conserved Regulators of Deuterostome Skeletogenesis.Frontiers in genetics · 2020Review
- Retinoic Acid Signaling Regulates the Metamorphosis of Feather Stars (Crinoidea, Echinodermata): Insight into the Evolution of the Animal Life Cycle.Biomolecules · 2019Article
- The evolution of a new cell type was associated with competition for a signaling ligand.PLoS biology · 2019Article
- Cell type phylogenetics informs the evolutionary origin of echinoderm larval skeletogenic cell identity.Communications biology · 2019Article
- From genome to anatomy: The architecture and evolution of the skeletogenic gene regulatory network of sea urchins and other echinoderms.Genesis (New York, N.Y. : 2000) · 2018Review
- Article
- Genome-wide use of high- and low-affinity Tbrain transcription factor binding sites during echinoderm development.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2017Article
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Authors and funding
13 authors at 9 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Over the course of evolution, the acquisition of novel structures has ultimately led to wide variation in morphology among extant multicellular organisms. Thus, the origins of genetic systems for new morphological structures are a subject of great interest in evolutionary biology. The larval skeleton is a novel structure acquired in some echinoderm lineages via the activation of the adult skeletogenic machinery. Previously, VEGF signaling was suggested to have played an important role in the acquisition of the larval skeleton. In the present study, we compared expression patterns of Alx genes among echinoderm classes to further explore the factors involved in the acquisition of a larval skeleton. We found that the alx1 gene, originally described as crucial for sea urchin skeletogenesis, may have also played an essential role in the evolution of the larval skeleton. Unlike those echinoderms that have a larval skeleton, we found that alx1 of starfish was barely expressed in early larvae that have no skeleton. When alx1 overexpression was induced via injection of alx1 mRNA into starfish eggs, the expression patterns of certain genes, including those possibly involved in skeletogenesis, were altered. This suggested that a portion of the skeletogenic program was induced solely by alx1. However, we observed no obvious external phenotype or skeleton. We concluded that alx1 was necessary but not sufficient for the acquisition of the larval skeleton, which, in fact, requires several genetic events. Based on these results, we discuss how the larval expression of alx1 contributed to the acquisition of the larval skeleton in the putative ancestral lineage of echinoderms.
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