ArticleActa paediatrica (Oslo, Norway : 1992)2016
Breast milk nutrient content and infancy growth.
Article in Acta paediatrica (Oslo, Norway : 1992), 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to 2 registered trials, which are not on this map. Cited by 70 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Maternal Obesity Programs Offspring Hypothalamic Neurogenesis and Appetite: Mechanisms and Prevention of Hyperphagia-mediated Childhood Obesity
Prevention of Obesity in Infants of Overweight and Obese Women
Who cites it
70 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 189 citations in OpenAlex.
- Human Milk Macronutrients and Child Growth and Body Composition in the First Two Years: A Systematic Review.Advances in nutrition (Bethesda, Md.) · 2024Pooled it
- Maternal BMI is positively associated with human milk fat: a systematic review and meta-regression analysis.The American journal of clinical nutrition · 2021Pooled it
- The impact of maternal obesity on human milk macronutrient composition: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Nutrients · 2020Pooled it
- Human Milk Oligosaccharide Profile Variation Throughout Postpartum in Healthy Women in a Brazilian Cohort.Nutrients · 2020Trial
- High-Fructose Corn-Syrup-Sweetened Beverage Intake Increases 5-Hour Breast Milk Fructose Concentrations in Lactating Women.Nutrients · 2018Trial
- Breast Milk Macronutrients and Child Growth and Neurodevelopment in a Lactation Cohort in Rural Bangladesh.Current developments in nutrition · 2026Article
- Impact of breast milk composition on nutritional status of term neonates with congenital heart defects: A prospective study.World journal of clinical pediatrics · 2026Article
- Shaping of the Infant Gut Microbiome by Milk Oligosaccharides.Annual review of biochemistry · 2026Review
- Human milk macronutrient composition and intake in relation to preterm infant growth: a cohort study.Clinical and experimental pediatrics · 2026Article
- Linking maternal BMI trajectories from prepregnancy to postpartum with breast milk fat composition: a retrospective longitudinal study.International breastfeeding journal · 2026Article
- Association of maternal diet with human milk fatty acid and macronutrient composition: a Saudi cohort study.Frontiers in nutrition · 2026Article
- Breastfeeding and Body Composition in Infants: Thinking Beyond Calories and Growth Charts.Indian pediatrics · 2025Article
- Maternal Phenotype, Infant Size and Breast Milk Composition in Women Living With HIV.Maternal & child nutrition · 2025Article
- Maternal obesity, age and infant sex influence the profiles of amino acids, energetic metabolites, sugars, and fatty acids in human milk.European journal of nutrition · 2025Observational
- Human milk whey proteins: Constituents, influencing factors, detection methods, and comparative analysis with other sources.Food chemistry: X · 2025Review
- Maternal probiotic mixture supplementation optimizes the gut microbiota structure of offspring piglets through the gut-breast axis.Animal nutrition (Zhongguo xu mu shou yi xue hui) · 2024Article
- Role of Hindmilk in Weight Gain of Preterm Low-Birth-Weight Neonates: A Prospective Comparative Study.Cureus · 2024Article
- Maternal Overweight and Obesity and Their Effect on the Growth of the Newborn During the First Six Months of Life.Cureus · 2024Article
- Composition of breast milk from mothers of premature and full-term infants and its influence in Z-Scores for infant physical growth.BMC pediatrics · 2024Article
- Does human milk composition predict later risk of obesity? A systematic review.BMC nutrition · 2023Article
10 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors at 4 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
aimBenefits of human breast milk (HM) in avoiding rapid infancy weight gain and later obesity could relate to its nutrient content. We tested the hypothesis that differential HM total calorie content (TCC) or macronutrient contents may be associated with infancy growth.
methodsHM hindmilk samples were collected at ages 4-8 weeks from 614 mothers participating in a representative birth cohort, with repeated infancy anthropometry. HM triglyceride (fat), lipid analytes and lactose (carbohydrate) were measured by (1) H-NMR, and protein content by the Dumas method. TCC and %macronutrients were determined.
resultsIn 614 HM samples, fat content was as follows: [median(IQR)]: 2.6 (1.7-3.6) g/100 mL, carbohydrate: 8.6 (8.2-8.8) g/100 mL, protein: 1.2 (1.1-1.2) g/100 mL; TCC: 61.8 (53.7-71.3) kcal/100 mL. HM of mothers exclusively breast feeding vs. mixed feeding was more calorific with higher %fat, lower %carbohydrate and lower %protein. Higher HM TCC was associated with lower 12-months body mass index (BMI)/adiposity, and lower 3-12 months gains in weight/BMI. HM %fat was inversely related to 3-12 months gains in weight, BMI and adiposity, whereas %carbohydrate was positively related to these measures. HM %protein was positively related to 12-months BMI.
conclusionHM analysis showed wide variation in %macronutrients. Although data on milk intakes were unavailable, our findings suggest functional relevance of HM milk composition to infant growth.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.