ArticleBMC infectious diseases2016
Development and virucidal activity of a novel alcohol-based hand disinfectant supplemented with urea and citric acid.
Article in BMC infectious diseases, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 27 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
27 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Sensitivity Evaluation of Enveloped and Non-enveloped Viruses to Ethanol Using Machine Learning: A Systematic Review.Food and environmental virology · 2024Pooled it
- Alcohol-based hand sanitisers as first line of defence against SARS-CoV-2: a review of biology, chemistry and formulations.Epidemiology and infection · 2020Guideline
- Hand Sanitizers: A Review on Formulation Aspects, Adverse Effects, and Regulations.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2020Pooled it
- Chemical inactivation of two non-enveloped viruses results in distinct thermal unfolding patterns and morphological alterations.BMC microbiology · 2024Article
- Mechanisms of action of microbicides commonly used in infection prevention and control.Microbiology and molecular biology reviews : MMBR · 2024Review
- Review
- S2k-Guideline hand antisepsis and hand hygiene.GMS hygiene and infection control · 2024Article
- A comprehensive literature scoping review of infection prevention and control methods for viral-mediated gene therapies.Antimicrobial stewardship & healthcare epidemiology : ASHE · 2024Article
- Development and efficacy assessment of hand sanitizers and polylactic acid films incorporating caffeic acid and vanillin for enhanced antiviral properties against HCoV-229E.Virology journal · 2023Article
- Hand Sanitizer Gels: Classification, Challenges, and the Future of Multipurpose Hand Hygiene Products.Toxics · 2023Review
- Quaternized Chitosan Derivatives as Viable Antiviral Agents: Structure-Activity Correlations and Mechanisms of Action.ACS applied materials & interfaces · 2023Article
- Disinfectants against SARS-CoV-2: A Review.Viruses · 2022Review
- Ethanol is indispensable for virucidal hand antisepsis: memorandum from the alcohol-based hand rub (ABHR) Task Force, WHO Collaborating Centre on Patient Safety, and the Commission for Hospital Hygiene and Infection Prevention (KRINKO), Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany.Antimicrobial resistance and infection control · 2022Review
- Assessment of quality of alcohol-based hand sanitizers used in Johannesburg area during the CoViD-19 pandemic.Scientific reports · 2022Article
- Hand sanitizers as a preventive measure in COVID-19 pandemic, its characteristics, and harmful effects: a review.The Journal of the Egyptian Public Health Association · 2022Review
- Differentiating impacts of non-pharmaceutical interventions on non-coronavirus disease-2019 respiratory viral infections: Hospital-based retrospective observational study in Taiwan.Influenza and other respiratory viruses · 2021Observational
- Hydrogels in Hand Sanitizers.Materials (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Review
- Alcohol-Based Hand Sanitizers in COVID-19 Prevention: A Multidimensional Perspective.Pharmacy (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Review
- Alcohol abrogates human norovirus infectivity in a pH-dependent manner.Scientific reports · 2020Article
- A Review of Current Interventions for COVID-19 Prevention.Archives of medical research · 2020Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
10 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundHand disinfectants are important for the prevention of virus transmission in the health care system and environment. The development of broad antiviral spectrum hand disinfectants with activity against enveloped and non-enveloped viruses is limited due to a small number of permissible active ingredients able to inactivate viruses.
methodsA new hand disinfectant was developed based upon 69.39 % w/w ethanol and 3.69 % w/w 2-propanol. Different amounts of citric acid and urea were added in order to create a virucidal claim against poliovirus (PV), adenovirus type 5 (AdV) and polyomavirus SV40 (SV40) as non-enveloped test viruses in the presence of fetal calf serum (FCS) as soil load. The exposure time was fixed to 60 s.
resultsWith the addition of 2.0 % citric acid and 2.0 % urea an activity against the three test viruses was achieved demonstrating a four log10 reduction of viral titers. Furthermore, this formulation was able to inactivate PV, AdV, SV40 and murine norovirus (MNV) in quantitative suspension assays according to German and European Guidelines within 60 s creating a virucidal claim. For inactivation of vaccinia virus and bovine viral diarrhea virus 15 s exposure time were needed to demonstrate a 4 log10 reduction resulting in a claim against enveloped viruses. Additionally, it is the first hand disinfectant passing a carrier test with AdV and MNV.
conclusionsIn conclusion, this new formulation with a low alcohol content, citric acid and urea is capable of inactivating all enveloped and non-enveloped viruses as indicated in current guidelines and thereby contributing as valuable addition to the hand disinfection portfolio.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.