ArticleJournal of racial and ethnic health disparities2015
Long-Term Reciprocal Associations Between Depressive Symptoms and Number of Chronic Medical Conditions: Longitudinal Support for Black-White Health Paradox.
Article in Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 68 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
68 citing papers in PubMed, 93 citations in OpenAlex.
- Associations of Midlife Vascular Risk Factors With Late-Life Depressive Symptoms: Findings From the ARIC Study.Journal of the American Heart Association · 2026Article
- Understanding the "Paradox" in Black-White Alcohol Outcomes: Examining High-Effort Coping and Health Behaviors with a Focus on Black Populations and College Students.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2025Review
- Mental health behaviors and suicide risk among White and Black adults with Opioid Use Disorder.Social science & medicine (1982) · 2025Article
- "To Be Twice as Good to Get Half": Minorities' Diminished Returns.Journal of biomedical and life sciences · 2025Article
- Diminished Returns of Educational Attainment on Hypertension Prevalence among American Indian and Alaska Native Adults: National Health Interview Survey 2023.Global journal of cardiovascular diseases · 2025Article
- Racial and Ethnic Differences in Distress, Depression, and Quality of Life in people with hemophilia.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2024Article
- Do Police Encounters Increase the Risk for Cardiovascular Disease? Police Encounters and Framingham 30-Year Cardiovascular Risk Score.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2024Article
- COVID-19: Factors Predicting Depressive Symptoms in People Aging With Long-Term Physical Disabilities.OTJR : occupation, participation and health · 2023Article
- Race-Ethnicity and Depressive Symptoms Among U.S. Older Adults in the COVID-19 Pandemic: Uncovering the Counterbalancing Mechanisms.Innovation in aging · 2023Article
- Number of Chronic Medical Conditions and Quality of Life of Ethnic Minority Older Adults.Geriatrics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
- Racial Differences in Associations of Cognitive Health Status With Happiness, Helplessness, and Hopelessness Among Older Adults: An Exploratory Study.Frontiers in aging neuroscience · 2022Article
- The Association between Multiple Chronic Conditions and Depressive Symptoms: Intersectional Distinctions by Race, Nativity, and Gender.Journal of health and social behavior · 2021Article
- Lifetime Major Discrimination Experiences Moderate the Impact of Depressive Symptoms on Chronic Conditions among Black Americans.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Article
- Risk Modifying Factors of Anxiety and Depressive Disorders, Using the Example of a Population Study in the Żywiec District.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2021Article
- Negative Inferential Style Mediates the Association between Racial Identity and Depressive Symptoms among African American Adolescents.Journal of youth and adolescence · 2021Article
- Race, Family Conflict and Suicidal Thoughts and Behaviors among 9-10-Year-Old American Children.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2021Article
- Race Differences in the Effect of Subjective Social Status on Hostility and Depressive Symptoms Among 9- to 11-Year-Old Children.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2020Article
- Depression Treatment Status of Economically Disadvantaged African American Older Adults.Brain sciences · 2020Article
- Racial Difference in the Relationship Between Health and Happiness in the United States.Psychology research and behavior management · 2020Article
- Coping While Black: Chronic Illness, Mastery, and the Black-White Health Paradox.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2019Article
8 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundPrevious research has identified a Black-White health paradox, which can be defined as less frequent depression despite a higher prevalence of chronic medical conditions among Blacks compared to Whites in the USA. Based on this paradox, we would expect weaker associations between chronic medical conditions and depression among Blacks than Whites. However, the literature on this topic is mostly cross-sectional and has provided findings that contradict the Black-White health paradox. The present longitudinal study extends prior research by assessing Black-White differences in reciprocal associations between number of chronic medical conditions and depressive symptoms over a 25-year period.
methodsData came from the Americans' Changing Lives Study that followed 1034 surviving Black and White respondents for 25 years from 1986 to 2011. Chronic medical conditions were measured based on a count of self-reported physician diagnoses including hypertension, diabetes, chronic lung disease, heart disease, stroke, cancer, and arthritis at baseline (1986) and follow-up (2011). Depressive symptoms were also measured at baseline and follow-up using a 10-item Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression (CES-D) scale. Multi-group structural equation modeling was used to assess reciprocal associations between baseline and subsequent depressive symptoms and baseline and subsequent chronic medical conditions comparing Black and White respondents.
resultsAmong White but not Black respondents, a higher number of chronic medical conditions at baseline predicted a greater increase in depressive symptoms over 25 years of follow-up. Among Whites but not Blacks, individuals with more depressive symptoms at baseline developed more chronic medical conditions over time.
conclusionFindings documented Black-White differences in reciprocal associations between chronic medical conditions and depressive symptoms over time. Our study provides longitudinal evidence for the Black-White health paradox across mid and later life, as reciprocal associations between depression and chronic medical conditions were weaker for Blacks compared to Whites.
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