ArticleJournal of veterinary internal medicine
Effect of Age, Season, Body Condition, and Endocrine Status on Serum Free Cortisol Fraction and Insulin Concentration in Horses.
Article in Journal of veterinary internal medicine. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 37 papers.
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Who cites it
37 citing papers in PubMed, 81 citations in OpenAlex.
- Echocardiographic characteristics and evidence of ventricular remodeling in subclinical insulin-dysregulated Warmblood horses.Journal of veterinary internal medicine · 2026Article
- High molecular weight adiponectin as an adjunct biomarker for insulin dysregulation in equids.Journal of veterinary internal medicine · 2026Article
- The potential role of aging on acute phase proteins and hypotalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis: A representative cohort study in pregnant mares.Veterinary and animal science · 2026Article
- Welfare Assessment in Equine-Assisted Service (EAS) Horses.Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2026Article
- Assessment of baseline adrenocorticotropic hormone and insulin concentrations in healthy horses in Saskatchewan over a 1-year period.Journal of veterinary internal medicine · 2026Article
- Associations among beta-endorphin, ACTH, cortisol concentration, age, and clinical signs indicative of pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction in geriatric horses.Journal of veterinary internal medicine · 2026Article
- Quantitative proteomics unveils potential plasma biomarkers and provides insights into the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying equine metabolic syndrome.BMC veterinary research · 2025Article
- The Effect of Victory and Defeat on the Correlations of Stress Parameters Between the Horse and Rider in Kök-Börü Equestrian Teams.Veterinary medicine and science · 2025Article
- Metabolic profiles of captive Asian elephants (Elephas maximus) in Lao PDR and Thailand.PloS one · 2025Article
- Relationship between morphometric measurements and blood parameters in horses with varying adiposity levels and physiological conditions.Veterinary medicine and science · 2024Article
- Physiological and metabolic responses in Kök-Börü horses: Correlations with game outcomes.Veterinary medicine and science · 2024Article
- The Levels of Cortisol and Selected Biochemical Parameters in Red Deer Harvested during Stalking Hunts.Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2024Article
- Spring and fall blood concentrations of adrenocorticotropic hormone, insulin, and thyroxine in healthy horses in Saskatchewan.The Canadian veterinary journal = La revue veterinaire canadienne · 2024Article
- Short Road Transport and Slaughter Stress Affects the Expression Profile of Serotonin Receptors, Adrenocortical, and Hematochemical Responses in Horses.Veterinary sciences · 2024Article
- Development of a Web App to Convert Blood Insulin Concentrations among Various Immunoassays Used in Horses.Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2023Article
- Hair Cortisol Concentrations in Feral Horses and the Influence of Physiological and Social Factors.Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2023Article
- The effects of obesity and insulin dysregulation on mare reproduction, pregnancy, and foal health: a review.Frontiers in veterinary science · 2023Review
- Oligosaccharide feed supplementation reduces plasma insulin in geldings with Equine Metabolic Syndrome.Frontiers in microbiomes · 2023Article
- Pituitary Pars Intermedia Dysfunction (PPID) in Horses.Veterinary sciences · 2022Review
- Variation in insulin response to oral sugar test in a cohort of horses throughout the year and evaluation of risk factors for insulin dysregulation.Equine veterinary journal · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 4 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundIncreased free cortisol fraction is associated with insulin dysregulation (ID) in people with Metabolic Syndrome and Cushing's Disease. Free cortisol has not been investigated in equine endocrine disorders. HYPOTHESES: (1) In healthy horses, sex, age, body condition score (BCS), and season impact free cortisol; (2) free cortisol is increased in horses with Pituitary Pars Intermedia Dysfunction (PPID) or Equine Metabolic Syndrome (EMS). ANIMALS: Fifty-seven healthy horses; 40 horses and ponies with PPID (n = 20) or EMS (n = 20).
methodsProspective study. Serum collected seasonally from healthy animals and archived serum from PPID and EMS animals was analyzed for insulin, total and free cortisol concentrations, and free cortisol fraction (FCF). Linear mixed models were used to determine effects of age, sex, season, and BCS on hormones in controls. Hormone measurements were compared between disease groups and age- and season-matched controls with t-tests. EMS and hyperinsulinemic PPID animals were combined in an ID (hyperinsulinemia) group.
resultsFree cortisol concentrations were increased in overweight/obese controls (0.3 ± 0.1 μg/dL) compared to lean controls (0.2 ± 0.1 μg/dL; P = .017). Mean FCF was significantly higher in animals with PPID (8.8 ± 5.8 μg/dL, P = .005) or ID (8.8 ± 10.2 μg/dL, P = .039) than controls (5.0 ± 0.9 μg/dL), but total cortisol concentrations were similar (P ≥ .350) (PPID: 4.2 ± 4.3 μg/dL; ID: 5.0 ± 4.5 μg/dL; controls: 4.6 ± 1.7 and 5.1 ± 2.1 μg/dL). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE: Increased FCF is associated with obesity in healthy horses and with ID (hyperinsulinemia) in horses and ponies with endocrine disease. Decreased plasma cortisol-binding capacity could be a component of these endocrine disorders in horses.
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