ArticlePloS one2016
Impact of Estrogen Therapy on Lymphocyte Homeostasis and the Response to Seasonal Influenza Vaccine in Post-Menopausal Women.
Article in PloS one, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 24 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
24 citing papers in PubMed, 42 citations in OpenAlex.
- Estrogen Withdrawal-Induced Cognitive Impairment in Menopausal Women: Mechanisms and Prospects for Integrated Interventions.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Sex-based difference in immune responses and efficacy of the pneumococcal conjugate vaccine.Journal of leukocyte biology · 2024Article
- How does geographical diversity shape vaccine efficacy?Clinical and experimental vaccine research · 2024Review
- Estrogen-immuno-neuromodulation disorders in menopausal depression.Journal of neuroinflammation · 2024Review
- The intersection of biological sex and gender in adverse events following seasonal influenza vaccination in older adults.Immunity & ageing : I & A · 2023Article
- Sex and gender in infection and immunity: addressing the bottlenecks from basic science to public health and clinical applications.Royal Society open science · 2023Article
- The intersection of biological sex and gender in adverse events following seasonal influenza vaccination in older adults.Research square · 2023Article
- Review
- Biological Sex and Pregnancy Affect Influenza Pathogenesis and Vaccination.Current topics in microbiology and immunology · 2023Article
- Estrogen, the Peripheral Immune System and Major Depression - A Reproductive Lifespan Perspective.Frontiers in behavioral neuroscience · 2022Review
- Effects of Hormone Therapy and Flavonoids Capable on Reversal of Menopausal Immune Senescence.Nutrients · 2021Review
- The impact of 17β-estradiol and progesterone therapy on peripheral blood mononuclear cells of asthmatic patients.Molecular biology reports · 2021Article
- Could Estrogen Protect Women From COVID-19?Journal of clinical medicine research · 2020Review
- Sex Differences in the Treatment of HIV.Current HIV/AIDS reports · 2020Review
- Nuclear Receptors, Ligands and the Mammalian B Cell.International journal of molecular sciences · 2020Review
- Matters of life and death: How estrogen and estrogen receptor binding to the immunoglobulin heavy chain locus may influence outcomes of infection, allergy, and autoimmune disease.Cellular immunology · 2019Review
- Host Factors Impact Vaccine Efficacy: Implications for Seasonal and Universal Influenza Vaccine Programs.Journal of virology · 2019Review
- Age-associated changes in the impact of sex steroids on influenza vaccine responses in males and females.NPJ vaccines · 2019Article
- Sex Differences in Older Adults' Immune Responses to Seasonal Influenza Vaccination.Frontiers in immunology · 2019Article
- Effects of Immediate or Delayed Estradiol on Behavior in Old Menopausal Macaques on Obesogenic Diet.Journal of obesity · 2018Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
It is widely recognized that changes in levels of ovarian steroids modulate severity of autoimmune disease and immune function in young adult women. These observations suggest that the loss of ovarian steroids associated with menopause could affect the age-related decline in immune function, known as immune senescence. Therefore, in this study, we determined the impact of menopause and estrogen therapy (ET) on lymphocyte subset frequency as well as the immune response to seasonal influenza vaccine in three different groups: 1) young adult women (regular menstrual cycles, not on hormonal contraception); 2) post-menopausal (at least 2 years) women who are not receiving any form of hormone therapy (HT) and 3) post-menopausal hysterectomized women receiving ET. Although the numbers of circulating CD4 and CD20 B cells were reduced in the post-menopausal group receiving ET, we also detected a better preservation of naïve B cells, decreased CD4 T cell inflammatory cytokine production, and slightly lower circulating levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-6. Following vaccination, young adult women generated more robust antibody and T cell responses than both post-menopausal groups. Despite similar vaccine responses between the two post-menopausal groups, we observed a direct correlation between plasma 17β estradiol (E2) levels and fold increase in IgG titers within the ET group. These findings suggest that ET affects immune homeostasis and that higher plasma E2 levels may enhance humoral responses in post-menopausal women.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.