ArticleEnvironmental health perspectives2016
Air Pollution and Pulmonary Tuberculosis: A Nested Case-Control Study among Members of a Northern California Health Plan.
Article in Environmental health perspectives, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 55 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
55 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 139 citations in OpenAlex.
- Understanding the mechanisms of climate change impact on tuberculosis: a complex systems approach.BMC public health · 2025Pooled it
- A systematic review and meta-analysis on the association between ambient air pollution and pulmonary tuberculosis.Scientific reports · 2022Pooled it
- Relationship between short-term exposure to ambient sulfur dioxide and length of hospital stay after surgery for osteoporotic fractures: a distributed lag non-linear analysis.BMC public health · 2026Observational
- Combined effects of air pollution and meteorological factors on the risk of newly tuberculosis cases: a time-series study in Tibet, China.International journal of biometeorology · 2025Article
- The impact of air pollution on active tuberculosis development from latent tuberculosis infection in rural China: 10-year follow-up of a cohort study.ERJ open research · 2025Article
- The study of the correlation between pollutants and their interactions on the incidence of tuberculosis in Changping District based on distribution models.BMC public health · 2025Article
- Beyond additive effects: examining the combined impact of air pollutant interactions on pulmonary tuberculosis in China.BMC public health · 2025Article
- Effect of exposure to ambient particulate matter on risk of developing pulmonary tuberculosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Lung India : official organ of Indian Chest Society · 2025Article
- Tuberculosis Trends in the Post-COVID-19 Era: Is It Going to be a Global Concern?Health science reports · 2025Article
- Can greenspace modify the combined effects of multiple air pollutants on pulmonary tuberculosis treatment outcomes? An empirical study conducted in Zhejiang Province, China.Environmental health and preventive medicine · 2025Article
- A mediation analysis of meteorological factors on the association between ambient carbon monoxide and tuberculosis outpatients visits.Frontiers in public health · 2025Article
- Predicting Tuberculosis Risk in Cattle, Buffaloes, Sheep, and Goats in China Based on Air Pollutants and Meteorological Factors.Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2024Article
- Ambient air pollution contributed to pulmonary tuberculosis in China.Emerging microbes & infections · 2024Article
- Association between short-term exposure to ambient air pollutants and the risk of hospital visits for acute upper respiratory tract infections among adults: a time-series study in Ningbo, China.BMC public health · 2024Article
- The effects of meteorological factors and air pollutants on the incidence of tuberculosis in people living with HIV/AIDS in subtropical Guangxi, China.BMC public health · 2024Article
- Spatial spillover effect of environmental factors on the tuberculosis occurrence among the elderly: a surveillance analysis for nearly a dozen years in eastern China.BMC public health · 2024Article
- Household air pollution and risk of pulmonary tuberculosis in HIV-Infected adults.Environmental health : a global access science source · 2024Article
- Impact of diesel exhaust particles on infections with Mycobacterium bovis BCG in in vitro human macrophages and an in vivo Galleria mellonella model.Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987) · 2024Article
- Ecological-level factors associated with tuberculosis incidence and mortality: A systematic review and meta-analysis.PLOS global public health · 2024Article
- Air pollutants in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and pulmonary tuberculosis: A mediation analysis of gene-specific methylation.iScience · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
10 authors at 4 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundEcologic analyses, case-case comparisons, and animal experiments suggest positive associations between air pollution and tuberculosis.
objectivesWe evaluated this hypothesis in a large sample, which yielded results that are applicable to the general population.
methodsWe conducted a case-control study nested within a cohort of Kaiser Permanente of Northern California members. All active pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) cases newly diagnosed between 1996 and 2010 (n = 2,309) were matched to two controls (n = 4,604) by age, sex, and race/ethnicity on the index date corresponding with the case diagnosis date. Average individual-level concentrations of carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), sulfur dioxide (SO2), ozone (O3), and particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter ≤ 2.5 μm (PM2.5) and 10 μm (PM10) for 2 years before diagnosis/entry into the study were estimated using measurements from the California Air Resources Board monitor closest to the participant's residence.
resultsIn single-pollutant adjusted conditional logistic regression models, the pulmonary TB odds ratios (95% confidence intervals) for the highest quintile (vs. lowest) were 1.50 (95% CI: 1.15, 1.95) for CO and 1.42 (95% CI: 1.10, 1.84) for NO2. Corresponding estimates were higher among never [1.68 (95% CI: 1.26, 2.24)] than ever [1.19 (95% CI: 0.74, 1.92)] smokers for CO. In contrast, for NO2, estimates were higher among ever [1.81 (95% CI: 1.13, 2.91)] than never [1.29 (95% CI: 0.97, 1.71)] smokers. O3 was inversely associated for smokers [0.66 (95% CI: 0.43, 1.02)] and never smokers [0.65 (95% CI: 0.52, 0.81)]. No other consistent patterns were observed.
conclusionsIn this first, to our knowledge, U.S. nested case-control study on air pollution and pulmonary TB, we observed positive associations with ambient CO and NO2, which require confirmation. CITATION: Smith GS, Van Den Eeden SK, Garcia C, Shan J, Baxter R, Herring AH, Richardson DB, Van Rie A, Emch M, Gammon MD. 2016. Air pollution and pulmonary tuberculosis: a nested case-control study among members of a Northern California health plan. Environ Health Perspect 124:761-768; http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1408166.
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