ArticleDiabetes2016
Dietary Betaine Supplementation Increases Fgf21 Levels to Improve Glucose Homeostasis and Reduce Hepatic Lipid Accumulation in Mice.
Article in Diabetes, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 57 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
57 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 105 citations in OpenAlex.
- Association of Gut Microbiota-Related Metabolites and Type 2 Diabetes in Two Puerto Rican Cohorts.Nutrients · 2024Pooled it
- Pilot trials of oral betaine in participants with metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease and elevated alanine aminotransferase.Hepatology (Baltimore, Md.) · 2026Trial
- Nutritional supplementation alters associations between one-carbon metabolites and cardiometabolic risk profiles in older adults: a secondary analysis of the Vienna Active Ageing Study.European journal of nutrition · 2022Trial
- Trial
- Two methods for assessment of choline status in a randomized crossover study with varying dietary choline intake in people: isotope dilution MS of plasma and in vivo single-voxel magnetic resonance spectroscopy of liver.The American journal of clinical nutrition · 2021Trial
- Effect of Dapagliflozin on Urine Metabolome in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes.The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism · 2021Trial
- Plasma metabolites predict both insulin resistance and incident type 2 diabetes: a metabolomics approach within the Prevención con Dieta Mediterránea (PREDIMED) study.The American journal of clinical nutrition · 2019Trial
- Metabolic Effects of Betaine: A Randomized Clinical Trial of Betaine Supplementation in Prediabetes.The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism · 2018Trial
- Metabolite Profiles of Diabetes Incidence and Intervention Response in the Diabetes Prevention Program.Diabetes · 2016Trial
- Early-Life Betaine Supplementation Drives Sex-Specific Metabolic Programming in Rats, Affecting FGF21 Signaling and Energy Balance.FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology · 2026Article
- Exerkines in precision management of metabolic diseases.Chinese medical journal · 2026Review
- Influence of Fibroblast Growth Factor 21 on Delayed Glycemic Improvement Following Acute Exercise in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.Diabetes & metabolism journal · 2026Article
- O-GlcNAcylation regulates PPAR-driven metabolic programming in intestinal stem cells.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Betaine as a regulator of metabolism, epigenetics, and cellular osmoprotection: therapeutic implications in cardiometabolic and renal diseases.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2026Review
- Association Between Dietary Betaine Intake and Dyslipidemia in Chinese Children and Adolescents: A Cross-Sectional Study.Nutrients · 2025Article
- Hepatic fibroblast growth factor 21 is required for curcumin or resveratrol in exerting their metabolic beneficial effect in male mice.Nutrition & diabetes · 2025Article
- Associations of serum choline, betaine and trimethylamine N-oxide with gestational diabetes mellitus among Chinese pregnant women.BMJ nutrition, prevention & health · 2025Article
- Association between dietary betaine intake and overweight or obesity.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Choline Metabolites and 15-Year Risk of Incident Diabetes in a Prospective Cohort of Adults: Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) Study.Diabetes care · 2024Article
- Choline and betaine intakes during pregnancy in relation to risk of gestational diabetes mellitus among Chinese women.The British journal of nutrition · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
17 authors at 9 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Identifying markers of human insulin resistance may permit development of new approaches for treatment and prevention of type 2 diabetes. To this end, we analyzed the fasting plasma metabolome in metabolically characterized human volunteers across a spectrum of insulin resistance. We demonstrate that plasma betaine levels are reduced in insulin-resistant humans and correlate closely with insulin sensitivity. Moreover, betaine administration to mice with diet-induced obesity prevents the development of impaired glucose homeostasis, reduces hepatic lipid accumulation, increases white adipose oxidative capacity, and enhances whole-body energy expenditure. In parallel with these beneficial metabolic effects, betaine supplementation robustly increased hepatic and circulating fibroblast growth factor (Fgf)21 levels. Betaine administration failed to improve glucose homeostasis and liver fat content in Fgf21(-/-) mice, demonstrating that Fgf21 is necessary for betaine's beneficial effects. Together, these data indicate that dietary betaine increases Fgf21 levels to improve metabolic health in mice and suggest that betaine supplementation merits further investigation as a supplement for treatment or prevention of type 2 diabetes in humans.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.