ArticleBMJ open2016
Social inequalities in prevalence of diagnosed and undiagnosed diabetes and impaired glucose regulation in participants in the Health Surveys for England series.
Article in BMJ open, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Cited by 53 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
53 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 99 citations in OpenAlex.
- The worldwide trend in diabetes awareness, treatment, and control from 1985 to 2022: a systematic review and meta-analysis of 233 population-representative studies.Frontiers in public health · 2024Pooled it
- The association between diabetes and abdominal aortic aneurysms in men: results of two Danish screening studies, a systematic review, and a meta-analysis of population-based screening studies.BMC cardiovascular disorders · 2023Pooled it
- Diabetes care performance across Europe: a cascade of care approach accounting for population diversity in 10 countries.BMC public health · 2026Article
- Assessing the burden and inequality in the unmet need for hypertension and type 2 diabetes care using a care cascade framework in Tanzania, Lesotho, and South Africa.Primary health care research & development · 2026Article
- Spatial bayesian modeling of diabetes mellitus (DM) risk in the United States.BMC public health · 2025Article
- Tirzepatide and the NHS: are we creating a two-tier obesity treatment system?The British journal of general practice : the journal of the Royal College of General Practitioners · 2025Article
- The forgotten - overcoming challenges in diabetes care for marginalized populations.Expert review of endocrinology & metabolism · 2025Review
- Association between neighborhood deprivation and type 2 diabetes risks among asthma patients: a nationwide population-based cohort study.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Article
- Association between neighborhood deprivation and type 2 diabetes risk among ADHD patients: a nationwide population-based cohort study.Frontiers in public health · 2025Article
- Age- and deprivation-related inequalities in identification of people at high risk of type 2 diabetes in England.BMC public health · 2024Article
- Undiagnosed type 2 diabetes is common - intensified screening of established risk groups is imperative in Sweden: the SDPP cohort.BMC medicine · 2024Article
- Glucose intolerance in acromegaly is driven by low insulin secretion; results from an intravenous glucose tolerance test.Pituitary · 2024Article
- Socioeconomic Status and Air Pollution: A Double Blow for Diabetes.Environmental health perspectives · 2023Article
- Socioeconomic inequality in awareness, treatment and control of diabetes among adults in India: Evidence from National Family Health Survey of India (NFHS), 2019-2021.Scientific reports · 2023Article
- Prevalence of prediabetes and undiagnosed diabetes in a large urban middle-aged population: the CARVAR 92 cohort.Cardiovascular diabetology · 2023Article
- [Mobile health technologies, social justice and population-based vulnerabilities : A public health ethics perspective on mHealth using the example of type 2 diabetes mellitus].Bundesgesundheitsblatt, Gesundheitsforschung, Gesundheitsschutz · 2023Review
- Effects of Sociodemographic Characteristics, Comorbidity, and Coexposures on the Association between Air Pollution and Type 2 Diabetes: A Nationwide Cohort Study.Environmental health perspectives · 2023Article
- Addressing the Continuum of Dysglycaemia and Vascular Complications in Prediabetes and Type 2 Diabetes: Need for Early and Intensive Treatment.Diabetes, metabolic syndrome and obesity : targets and therapy · 2023Review
- The Risk of T2DM in College Women: The Predictive Power of Financial versus Residential Status in a Cross-Sectional Pilot Study in Turkey.Behavioral sciences (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
- Erratum issued
Authors and funding
4 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectivesTo ascertain the extent of socioeconomic and health condition inequalities in people with diagnosed and undiagnosed diabetes and impaired glucose regulation (IGR) in random samples of the general population in England, as earlier diagnosis of diabetes and treatment of people with IGR can reduce adverse sequelae of diabetes. Various screening instruments were compared to identify IGR, in addition to undiagnosed diabetes.
design5, annual cross-sectional health examination surveys; data adjusted for complex survey design.
settingRandom selection of private homes across England, new sample annually 2009-2013.
participants5, nationally representative random samples of the general, free-living population: ≥ 1 adult interviewed in 24,254 of 36,889 eligible addresses selected. 18,399 adults had a valid glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) measurement and answered the diabetes questions.
main outcome measuresDiagnosed diabetes, undiagnosed diabetes (HbA1c ≥ 48 mmol/mol), IGR (HbA1c 42-47 mmol/mol).
resultsOverall, 11% of the population had IGR, 2% undiagnosed and 6% diagnosed diabetes. Age-standardised prevalence was highest among Asian (19% (95% CI 16% to 23%), 3% (2% to 5%) and 12% (9% to 16%) respectively) and black participants (17% (13% to 21%), 2% (1% to 4%) and 14% (9% to 20%) respectively). These were also higher among people with lower income, less education, lower occupational class and greater deprivation. Education (OR 1.49 (95% CI 1.27 to 1.74) for no qualifications vs degree or higher) and income (1.35 (1.12 to 1.62) for lowest vs highest income quintile) remained significantly associated with IGR or undiagnosed diabetes on multivariate regression. The greatest odds of IGR or undiagnosed diabetes were with increasing age over 34 years (eg, OR 18.69 (11.53 to 30.28) aged 65-74 vs 16-24). Other significant associations were ethnic group (Asian (3.91 (3.02 to 5.05)), African-American (2.34 (1.62 to 3.38)) or 'other' (2.04 (1.07 to 3.88)) vs Caucasian); sex (OR 1.32(1.19 to 1.46) for men vs women); body mass index (3.54 (2.52 to 4.96) for morbidly obese vs not overweight); and waist circumference (2.00 (1.67 to 2.38) for very high vs low).
conclusionsSocial inequalities in hyperglycaemia exist, additional to well-known demographic and anthropometric risk factors for diabetes and IGR.
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