ArticleNutrition & metabolism2016
Effects of exogenous ketone supplementation on blood ketone, glucose, triglyceride, and lipoprotein levels in Sprague-Dawley rats.
Article in Nutrition & metabolism, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to 3 registered trials, which are not on this map. Cited by 92 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
A Single-centre, Randomised, Single-blinded Crossover Study Evaluating the Metabolic Effects of a Ketone Ester Food Supplement in People With Type 1 Diabetes
Acute Changes in Cardiometabolic and Neurocognitive Outcomes in Response to Exercise Combined With Ketone Ester Supplement in Overweight/Obese Adults
The Effect of Ketone Ester Supplementation and Ketogenic Diet on Brain Plasticity in Overweight/Obese Adults: A Neurophysiological and Resting Functional Magnetic Resonance Study (rfMRI)
Who cites it
92 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 156 citations in OpenAlex.
- The Efficacy of Ketogenic Therapies in the Clinical Management of People with Neurodegenerative Disease: A Systematic Review.Advances in nutrition (Bethesda, Md.) · 2021Pooled it
- Ketone Supplementation Dampens Subjective and Objective Responses to Alcohol: Evidence From a Preclinical Rat Study and a Randomized, Cross-Over Trial in Healthy Volunteers.The international journal of neuropsychopharmacology · 2024Trial
- A ketone monoester drink reduces the glycemic response to an oral glucose challenge in individuals with obesity: a randomized trial.The American journal of clinical nutrition · 2019Trial
- Cerebral Ketones Detected by 3T MR Spectroscopy in Patients with High-Grade Glioma on an Atkins-Based Diet.AJNR. American journal of neuroradiology · 2019Trial
- Prior ingestion of exogenous ketone monoester attenuates the glycaemic response to an oral glucose tolerance test in healthy young individuals.The Journal of physiology · 2018Trial
- Ketone Supplementation Decreased Lipopolysaccharide-Generated Anxiety-like Behavior in Female WAG/Rij Rats.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- β-Hydroxybutyrate precursor 1,3-butanediol modulates enteric pathogen susceptibility and Th17 responses via commensal bacteria.mSystems · 2026Article
- β-hydroxybutyrate modulates enteric pathogen susceptibility through regulation of commensal bacteria and intestinal Th17 responses.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Review
- The Biochemical Role of Bitter Melon (Food science & nutrition · 2026Article
- Ketosis as a Treatment for Severe Mental Illness: A Critical Review of Preclinical and Clinical Data.Current treatment options in psychiatry · 2026Review
- Exercise-induced β-hydroxybutyrate contributes to cognitive improvement in aging mice.Journal of sport and health science · 2025Article
- The science of ketogenic supplements for athletes: boosting endurance, efficiency, and energy metabolism.Nutrition & metabolism · 2025Review
- Divergent Hepatic Outcomes of Chronic Ketone Supplementation: Ketone Salts Preserve Liver Health While Ketone Esters and Precursors Drive Inflammation and Steatosis.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Strategies for optimization of hypoglycemia rat models.Animal models and experimental medicine · 2025Review
- Ketone Supplements and Alcohol-Related Responses in Rodents.Addiction biology · 2025Article
- Clinical research framework proposal for ketogenic metabolic therapy in glioblastoma.BMC medicine · 2024Review
- Oral Administration of a Novel, Synthetic Ketogenic Compound Elevates Blood β-Hydroxybutyrate Levels in Mice in Both Fasted and Fed Conditions.Nutrients · 2024Article
- Putative Role of Adenosine A1 Receptors in Exogenous Ketone Supplements-Evoked Anti-Epileptic Effect.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Review
- Article
32 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
9 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundNutritional ketosis induced by the ketogenic diet (KD) has therapeutic applications for many disease states. We hypothesized that oral administration of exogenous ketone supplements could produce sustained nutritional ketosis (>0.5 mM) without carbohydrate restriction.
methodsWe tested the effects of 28-day administration of five ketone supplements on blood glucose, ketones, and lipids in male Sprague-Dawley rats. The supplements included: 1,3-butanediol (BD), a sodium/potassium β-hydroxybutyrate (βHB) mineral salt (BMS), medium chain triglyceride oil (MCT), BMS + MCT 1:1 mixture, and 1,3 butanediol acetoacetate diester (KE). Rats received a daily 5-10 g/kg dose of their respective ketone supplement via intragastric gavage during treatment. Weekly whole blood samples were taken for analysis of glucose and βHB at baseline and, 0.5, 1, 4, 8, and 12 h post-gavage, or until βHB returned to baseline. At 28 days, triglycerides, total cholesterol and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) were measured.
resultsExogenous ketone supplementation caused a rapid and sustained elevation of βHB, reduction of glucose, and little change to lipid biomarkers compared to control animals.
conclusionsThis study demonstrates the efficacy and tolerability of oral exogenous ketone supplementation in inducing nutritional ketosis independent of dietary restriction.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.