ArticlePloS one2016
The Increasing Trend in Caesarean Section Rates: Global, Regional and National Estimates: 1990-2014.
Article in PloS one, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to 14 registered trials, which are not on this map. Cited by 844 papers, 9 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Education and Social Media Versus Non-Indicated Caesarean Section Rate in Egypt
Analysis of Caesarean Section Rate According to the 10 Group Robson Classification; A Multicenter Prospective Study in Egypt
EGF-loaded Chitosan to Facilitate Epithelial Healing And Prevent Scar Formation of Cesarean Wound
The Impact of Chlorhexidine Preoperative Vaginal Preparation in Reducing the Post-cesarean Endometritis and Sepsis for Cases in Labor. A Randomized Controlled Trial
Reducing the Cesarean Section Rates and Enhancing Vaginal Delivery in Greece Through Educational, Behavioral and Organizational Interventions in Labor Management: a Stepped-Wedge Randomized Controlled Trial (ENGAGE Trial)
The Effect Of Forced Air Warming Used For Different Body Parts During Caseraen Section On Maternal Hypothermia, Shivering, Thermal Comfort, Apgar Score And Breastfeeding: Randomized Controlled Trial
Correlation Between Pulmonary Artery Doppler And Other Ultrasonographic Markers With Neonatal Outcome In Placenta Accreta Spectrum Patients
Cesarean Scar Evaluation Using Saline Infusion Sonography in Women With Previous Pregnancy in Scar
Laparoscopic Excision Versus Combined Hysteroscopic and Laparoscopic Repair Without Excision of Large Cesarean Scar Niche: A Randomized Controlled Trial
General Anesthesia in Obstetric Patients for Cesarean Section, Maternal and Perinatal Outcomes
Impact of Changing Sterile Glove at the Time of Wound Closure to Reduce Surgical Site Infection in Women Undergoing Elective Cesarean Section; a Prospective Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial
High Segmental Hysterotomy vs. Low Segmental Hysterotomy: Association With the Incidence of Uterine Wall Defects After Cesarean Section
Evaluation of Ultrasound Assisted Localisation of the Intervertebral Space Versus the Traditional Landmark Technique During Subarachnoid Block for Caesarean Section in Obese Parturient
Intraperitoneal Saline Irrigation in Cesarean Section: Effect on Postoperative Infectious Morbidity and Paralytic Ileus ,Randomized Controlled Study.
Who cites it
844 citing papers in PubMed, 9 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Trial of Labor After Cesarean and Vaginal Birth After Cesarean: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Maternal and Neonatal Outcomes.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2026Pooled it
- Impact of mode of birth and perinatal antibiotics on infant gut microbiota and health: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMJ paediatrics open · 2026Pooled it
- Maternity Care Providers Perspectives and Experiences of Obstetric Violence in Low-, Middle- and High-Income Countries: An Integrative Review.Journal of advanced nursing · 2026Pooled it
- Maternal and infant outcomes of planned mode of delivery in twin pregnancies: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Acta obstetricia et gynecologica Scandinavica · 2025Pooled it
- Obesity and asthma during pregnancy: a systematic review and meta-analysis.European respiratory review : an official journal of the European Respiratory Society · 2025Pooled it
- Preference of mode of delivery and associated factors among mothers in East Africa: systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC pregnancy and childbirth · 2025Pooled it
- Risk factors of neuroblastoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in public health · 2025Pooled it
- Global Preferences and Determinant Variables of Caesarean Delivery Among Pregnant Women:Sultan Qaboos University medical journal · 2025Pooled it
- Trend, prevalence and predictors of successful vaginal birth after caesarean section in Ethiopia: a systematic review and meta-analysis.International health · 2024Pooled it
- Efficacy of oxycodone in managing visceral pain among women undergoing repeat cesarean section: a randomized controlled trial.Frontiers in medicine · 2026Trial
- Ilioinguinal-Transversus Abdominis Plane (I-TAP) Block with Liposomal Bupivacaine for Analgesia After Cesarean Delivery: A Randomized Controlled Trial.Drug design, development and therapy · 2026Trial
- The Impact of Platelet-Rich Plasma Application during Cesarean Section on Wound Healing and Postoperative Pain: A Single-Blind Placebo-Controlled Intervention Study.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2024Trial
- Effect of Probiotic Supplementation on the Gut Microbiota Composition of Infants Delivered by Cesarean Section: An Exploratory, Randomized, Open-label, Parallel-controlled Trial.Current microbiology · 2023Trial
- Compliance with preoperative antibiotic prophylaxis in cesarean delivery and its impact on surgical site infections: A national retrospective study of Jordan.Global health research and policy · 2026Article
- Geospatial inequalities and determinants of caesarean section delivery in sub-Saharan Africa: a multi-country analysis.Global health action · 2026Article
- Prevalence and determinants of cesarean section delivery among Somali women: a multivariable analysis of a nationally representative survey.Global health action · 2026Article
- Plasticity of the infant immune system during the perinatal period.Nature reviews. Immunology · 2026Review
- Examining the relationship between cesarean section scar and endometrial cancer.Journal of gynecologic oncology · 2026Article
- An Evaluation of Cesarean Section Deliveries in Ebeye, Republic of the Marshall Islands, 2023.Hawai'i journal of health & social welfare · 2026Article
- Migration and Caesarean Section Birth in the United Kingdom: A Secondary Analysis of Born in Bradford Data.Birth (Berkeley, Calif.) · 2026Article
784 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundCaesarean section (CS) rates continue to evoke worldwide concern because of their steady increase, lack of consensus on the appropriate CS rate and the associated additional short- and long-term risks and costs. We present the latest CS rates and trends over the last 24 years.
methodsWe collected nationally-representative data on CS rates between 1990 to 2014 and calculated regional and subregional weighted averages. We conducted a longitudinal analysis calculating differences in CS rates as absolute change and as the average annual rate of increase (AARI).
resultsAccording to the latest data from 150 countries, currently 18.6% of all births occur by CS, ranging from 6% to 27.2% in the least and most developed regions, respectively. Latin America and the Caribbean region has the highest CS rates (40.5%), followed by Northern America (32.3%), Oceania (31.1%), Europe (25%), Asia (19.2%) and Africa (7.3%). Based on the data from 121 countries, the trend analysis showed that between 1990 and 2014, the global average CS rate increased 12.4% (from 6.7% to 19.1%) with an average annual rate of increase of 4.4%. The largest absolute increases occurred in Latin America and the Caribbean (19.4%, from 22.8% to 42.2%), followed by Asia (15.1%, from 4.4% to 19.5%), Oceania (14.1%, from 18.5% to 32.6%), Europe (13.8%, from 11.2% to 25%), Northern America (10%, from 22.3% to 32.3%) and Africa (4.5%, from 2.9% to 7.4%). Asia and Northern America were the regions with the highest and lowest average annual rate of increase (6.4% and 1.6%, respectively).
conclusionThe use of CS worldwide has increased to unprecedented levels although the gap between higher- and lower-resource settings remains. The information presented is essential to inform policy and global and regional strategies aimed at optimizing the use of CS.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.