ArticleAlimentary pharmacology & therapeutics2016
Clostridium difficile associated risk of death score (CARDS): a novel severity score to predict mortality among hospitalised patients with C. difficile infection.
Article in Alimentary pharmacology & therapeutics, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 35 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
35 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- External validation of clinical prediction rules for complications and mortality following Clostridioides difficile infection.PloS one · 2019Pooled it
- A possible association between statin use and improved Clostridioides difficile infection mortality in veterans.PloS one · 2019Trial
- Diabetes Mellitus and the Risk and Outcomes ofInfection and drug resistance · 2025Review
- Retrospective Analysis ofJournal of clinical medicine · 2024Article
- A Systematic Literature Review on Risk Factors for and Timing of Clostridioides difficile Infection in the United States.Infectious diseases and therapy · 2024Review
- Butyrate Protects against Clostridium difficile Infection by Regulating Bile Acid Metabolism.Microbiology spectrum · 2023Article
- Article
- Association between epidemiologic case definition categories and adverse clinical outcome in patients with Clostridiodes difficile infection in San Francisco County, California: a five-year retrospective cohort study.BMC infectious diseases · 2023Article
- Microbiota-Based Live Biotherapeutic RBX2660 for the Reduction of RecurrentOpen forum infectious diseases · 2023Article
- External Validation and Comparison of Clostridioides difficile Severity Scoring Systems.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2022Article
- The Impact of Bariatric Surgery on Diverticulitis Outcomes and Risk of Recurrent Hospitalizations in Adults with Clinically Severe Obesity.Obesity surgery · 2022Article
- Novel Risk Model to Predict Emergency Department Associated Mortality for Patients Supported With a Ventricular Assist Device: The Emergency Department-Ventricular Assist Device Risk Score.Journal of the American Heart Association · 2022Article
- Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ as the gatekeeper of tight junction inFrontiers in microbiology · 2022Article
- Risk Factors of SevereFrontiers in microbiology · 2022Article
- Prediction of in-hospital mortality ofBMJ open gastroenterology · 2021Article
- Defining the black box: a narrative review of factors associated with adverse outcomes from severeTherapeutic advances in gastroenterology · 2021Review
- Assessment of Kidney Injury as a Severity Criteria forOpen forum infectious diseases · 2020Article
- Diverticulitis in Morbidly Obese Adults: A Rise in Hospitalizations with Worse Outcomes According to National US Data.Digestive diseases and sciences · 2020Article
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Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundClostridium difficile infection (CDI) is a public health threat and associated with significant mortality. However, there is a paucity of objectively derived CDI severity scoring systems to predict mortality.
aimTo develop a novel CDI risk score to predict mortality entitled: Clostridium difficile associated risk of death score (CARDS).
methodsWe obtained data from the United States 2011 Nationwide Inpatient Sample (NIS) database. All CDI-associated hospitalisations were identified using discharge codes (ICD-9-CM, 008.45). Multivariate logistic regression was utilised to identify independent predictors of mortality. Clostridium difficile associated risk of death score was calculated by assigning a numeric weight to each parameter based on their odds ratio in the final logistic model. Predictive properties of model discrimination were assessed using the c-statistic and validated in an independent sample using the 2010 NIS database.
resultsWe identified 77 776 hospitalisations, yielding an estimate of 374 747 cases with an associated diagnosis of CDI in the US, 8% of whom died in the hospital. The eight severity score predictors were identified on multivariate analysis: age, cardiopulmonary disease, malignancy, diabetes, inflammatory bowel disease, acute renal failure, liver disease and ICU admission, with weights ranging from -1 (for diabetes) to 5 (for ICU admission). The overall risk score in the cohort ranged from 0 to 18. Mortality increased significantly as CARDS increased. CDI-associated mortality was 1.2% with a CARDS of 0 compared to 100% with CARDS of 18. The model performed equally well in our validation cohort.
conclusionClostridium difficile associated risk of death score is a promising simple severity score to predict mortality among those hospitalised with C. difficile infection.
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