ArticleMolecular cell2016
Synonymous Codons Direct Cotranslational Folding toward Different Protein Conformations.
Article in Molecular cell, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 209 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
209 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 418 citations in OpenAlex.
- Synonymous but Not Silent: The Codon Usage Code for Gene Expression and Protein Folding.Annual review of biochemistry · 2021Pooled it
- Predicting Functional Effects of Synonymous Variants: A Systematic Review and Perspectives.Frontiers in genetics · 2019Pooled it
- Codon Optimality Modulates Cellular Stress and Innate Immune Responses Triggered by Exogenous RNAs.Journal of molecular biology · 2026Article
- VeloHARMO: a deep learning framework for mRNA coding sequence generation and design via translation velocity harmonization.Briefings in bioinformatics · 2026Article
- The Tor pathway, ribosome concentration, and wobble decoding mediate inhibitory effects of the Leu-Pro CUC-CCG codon pair inRNA (New York, N.Y.) · 2026Article
- Approaches for Studying Context Specificity of Translation Inhibitor Action.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- SNIPSNP: precision design of CRISPR/Cas9 knock-in reagents for variant correction and disease modeling.Nucleic acids research · 2026Article
- Genome-wide association study and KASP development for growth and leaf traits in Populus deltoides.BMC genomics · 2026Article
- Deep Learning-Guided Reverse Translation Enhances Soluble Expression of Recombinant Proteins inInternational journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- The Role of Chemistry Across Disciplines From Humanities to Life Sciences in Understanding Complexity and Emergence.Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English) · 2026Review
- Cross-species gene redesign leveraging ortholog information and generative modeling.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Unveiling ribosomal dysfunction and impaired signaling pathways in the cortical region of 5xFAD mice.Acta neuropathologica communications · 2026Article
- Analysis of Codon Usage Bias in theThe Canadian journal of infectious diseases & medical microbiology = Journal canadien des maladies infectieuses et de la microbiologie medicale · 2026Article
- AI-powered mapping of tumor immunity for optimized mRNA vaccine engineering.Frontiers in oncology · 2026Review
- Uncovering position-specific patterns in codon and codon-pair usage in candidate genes associated with blood coagulation diseases.NAR genomics and bioinformatics · 2025Article
- codonGPT: reinforcement learning on a generative language model enables scalable mRNA design.Nucleic acids research · 2025Article
- Review
- Functional synonymous mutations and their evolutionary consequences.Nature reviews. Genetics · 2025Review
- Translational regulation in stress biology.Nature cell biology · 2025Review
- Cotranslational protein folding through non-native structural intermediates.Science advances · 2025Article
149 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
8 authors at 4 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
In all genomes, most amino acids are encoded by more than one codon. Synonymous codons can modulate protein production and folding, but the mechanism connecting codon usage to protein homeostasis is not known. Here we show that synonymous codon variants in the gene encoding gamma-B crystallin, a mammalian eye-lens protein, modulate the rates of translation and cotranslational folding of protein domains monitored in real time by Förster resonance energy transfer and fluorescence-intensity changes. Gamma-B crystallins produced from mRNAs with changed codon bias have the same amino acid sequence but attain different conformations, as indicated by altered in vivo stability and in vitro protease resistance. 2D NMR spectroscopic data suggest that structural differences are associated with different cysteine oxidation states of the purified proteins, providing a link between translation, folding, and the structures of isolated proteins. Thus, synonymous codons provide a secondary code for protein folding in the cell.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.