Observational studyPaediatric and perinatal epidemiology2016
Vitamin D Status and Gestational Diabetes: Effect of Smoking Status during Pregnancy.
Observational study in Paediatric and perinatal epidemiology, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 10 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
10 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 26 citations in OpenAlex.
- Circulating vitamin D and the risk of gestational diabetes: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis.Endocrine · 2020Pooled it
- Early life nutrition in Nunavut, Canada: a retrospective descriptive study of food security, vitamin D and rickets.International journal of circumpolar health · 2025Article
- Vitamin D Deficiency and Risk of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus in Western Countries: A Scoping Review.Nutrients · 2025Article
- Associations among vitamin D, tobacco smoke, and hypertension: A cross-sectional study of the NHANES 2001-2016.Hypertension research : official journal of the Japanese Society of Hypertension · 2022Article
- Maternal Vitamin D Levels and the Risk of Offspring Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder.Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry · 2021Article
- Serum vitamin D deficiency and risk of gestational diabetes mellitus: a meta-analysis.Archives of medical science : AMS · 2020Review
- A Review of the Potential Benefits of Increasing Vitamin D Status in Mongolian Adults through Food Fortification and Vitamin D Supplementation.Nutrients · 2019Review
- In utero exposure to extra vitamin D from food fortification and the risk of subsequent development of gestational diabetes: the D-tect study.Nutrition journal · 2018Article
- Pregnant Women with Inflammatory Bowel Disease Are at Increased Risk of Vitamin D Insufficiency: A Cross-Sectional Study.Journal of Crohn's & colitis · 2018Article
- Significance of Vitamin D on the Susceptibility of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus - A Meta-Analysis.Indian journal of endocrinology and metabolismReview
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 4 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundVitamin D status, as measured by serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D), has been shown in some studies to be inversely associated with gestational diabetes risk. Recently, it has been suggested that maternal smoking status may modify this relationship. We explored the association between 25(OH)D concentration and gestational diabetes and determined if there was an interaction between smoking and 25(OH)D.
methodsA nested case-control study was conducted in Halifax, Nova Scotia and Quebec City, Quebec. Women were recruited before 20 weeks gestation and 25(OH)D was measured. Cases were women who developed gestational diabetes and controls were frequency matched to cases on study site, gestational age at blood draw, and season and year of blood draw. Logistic regression models estimated adjusted odds ratios (aOR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). Models were tested for multiplicative and additive interaction, which was estimated by relative excess risk due to interaction (RERI).
resultsThe study included 395 gestational diabetes cases and 1925 controls. Women who smoked during pregnancy and had 25(OH)D concentrations <30 nmol/L had an aOR = 3.73 [95% CI 1.95, 7.14] compared to non-smokers with 25(OH)D concentrations ≥50 nmol/L. Additive interaction was detected between smoking status and 25(OH)D [RERI = 2.44, 95% CI 0.03, 4.85].
conclusionOur study supports the inverse association of vitamin D status with gestational diabetes risk, particularly among women who smoke during pregnancy. More research is needed to confirm this finding and, if confirmed, to determine the mechanism by which the combined effect of smoking and low vitamin D status increases the risk of developing gestational diabetes.
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Registered trials
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