ReviewAndrology2016
Anogenital distance as a marker of androgen exposure in humans.
Review in Andrology, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 80 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
80 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 228 citations in OpenAlex.
- Evaluating Male Fetal External Genital Morphology: A Systematic Review of Sonographic Techniques and Normative Values.Journal of ultrasound in medicine : official journal of the American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine · 2026Pooled it
- Gestational benzyl butyl phthalate exposure impairs sperm capacitation in F1 offspring by altering PKA-associated signaling and tyrosine phosphorylation.Archives of toxicology · 2026Article
- Associations of endocrine disrupting chemicals with anogenital distance across infancy.The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism · 2026Observational
- Maternal and Early Developmental Effects of Perinatal Exposure to Therapeutically Relevant Doses of Common Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs in Rats.Birth defects research · 2026Article
- Management of andrological disorders from childhood and adolescence to transition age: guidelines from the Italian Society of Andrology and Sexual Medicine (SIAMS) in collaboration with the Italian Society for Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology (SIEDP) - part-2.Journal of endocrinological investigation · 2026Article
- Anogenital distance in patients with Klinefelter syndrome.Clinical and experimental reproductive medicine · 2026Article
- Epidemiology, Etiopathogenesis, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Male Infertility-Current Trends and Future Directions: A Narrative Review.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2026Review
- Shorter Anogenital Distance in Women with Adenomyosis Diagnosed by MUSA 2022 Criteria: A Prospective Case-Control Study.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Article
- Functional rescue and AI analysis of a human inactivating GPCR mutation using a small molecule.EMBO molecular medicine · 2026Article
- External genital features and normative values for anogenital distances and penile length at birth in a healthy Italian population: data from the LIFE-MILCH project.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2026Article
- Prenatal phthalate exposure and anogenital distance in infants at 12 months.Environment international · 2025Article
- Testosterone mediates life-history trade-offs in female mammals.Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society · 2025Review
- Boys born with hypospadias and fetal growth restriction exhibit shorter anogenital distances: a retrospective cross-sectional study.Frontiers in pediatrics · 2025Article
- Anoscrotal distance and urogenital anomalies in ART-conceived male infants: a retrospective cohort study.Frontiers in reproductive health · 2025Article
- Pesticide Exposures during Pregnancy and Health Outcomes in Latin America and the Caribbean: A Scoping Review of Human Observational Studies.Journal of health & pollution · 2024Review
- Paternal obesity induces subfertility in male offspring by modulating the oxidative stress-related transcriptional network.International journal of obesity (2005) · 2024Article
- Parabens effects on female reproductive health - Review of evidence from epidemiological and rodent-based studies.Reproductive toxicology (Elmsford, N.Y.) · 2024Review
- Exposure to organophosphate esters and maternal-child health.Environmental research · 2024Review
- Anogenital distance in a cohort of 169 infant boys with uni- or bilateral cryptorchidism including 18 boys with vanishing testes.Human reproduction (Oxford, England) · 2024Article
- Correlation of anogenital distance from childhood to age 9 years-a prospective population-based birth cohort-the Odense Child Cohort.Human reproduction open · 2024Article
20 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 4 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Abnormal foetal testis development has been proposed to underlie common disorders of the male reproductive system such as cryptorchidism, hypospadias, reduced semen quality and testicular germ cell tumour, which are regarded as components of a 'testicular dysgenesis syndrome'. The increasing trends and geographical variation in their incidence have been suggested to result from in utero exposure to environmental chemicals acting as endocrine disruptors. In rodents, the anogenital distance (AGD), measured from the anus to the base of genital tubercle, is a sensitive biomarker of androgen exposure during a critical embryonic window of testis development. In humans, several epidemiological studies have shown alterations in AGD associated with prenatal exposure to several chemicals with potential endocrine disrupting activity. However, the link between AGD and androgen exposure in humans is not well-defined. This review focuses on the current evidence for such a relationship. As in rodents, a clear gender difference is detected during foetal development of the AGD in humans which is maintained thereafter. Reduced AGD in association with clinically relevant outcomes of potential environmental exposures, such as cryptorchidism or hypospadias, is in keeping with AGD as a marker of foetal testicular function. Furthermore, AGD may reflect variations in prenatal androgen exposure in healthy children as shorter AGD at birth is associated with reduced masculine play behaviour in preschool boys. Several studies provide evidence linking shorter AGD with lower fertility, semen quality and testosterone levels in selected groups of adults attending andrology clinics. Overall, the observational data in humans are consistent with experimental studies in animals and support the use of AGD as a biomarker of foetal androgen exposure. Future studies evaluating AGD in relation to reproductive hormones in both infants and adults, and to gene polymorphisms, will help to further delineate the effect of prenatal and postnatal androgen exposures on AGD.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.