ReviewInternational journal of clinical pharmacy2016
How to use the nominal group and Delphi techniques.
Review in International journal of clinical pharmacy, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 768 papers, 5 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
768 citing papers in PubMed, 5 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Defining the Terminology for Acute Ear Discharge in Children: Systematic Review and Expert Consensus Using the Nominal Group Technique.Clinical otolaryngology : official journal of ENT-UK ; official journal of Netherlands Society for Oto-Rhino-Laryngology & Cervico-Facial Surgery · 2025Pooled it
- European Consensus on Functional Bloating and Abdominal Distension-An ESNM/UEG Recommendations for Clinical Management.United European gastroenterology journal · 2025Guideline
- The International Advanced Practice Nurse Integration Policy Intervention Taxonomy: A 10-Country Nominal Group Consensus Technique Study.International nursing review · 2025Guideline
- European Guideline on Chronic Nausea and Vomiting-A UEG and ESNM Consensus for Clinical Management.United European gastroenterology journal · 2025Guideline
- Evidence-based joint statement position of perioperative bone optimization in the arthroplasty candidate, from FEMECOT, AMMOM, ACOMM, SCCOT, SECOT, SEFRAOS, SEIOMM.Osteoporosis international : a journal established as result of cooperation between the European Foundation for Osteoporosis and the National Osteoporosis Foundation of the USA · 2025Guideline
- Strengthening Primary Health Care in Europe: A Delphi study towards accessibility, equity and continuity of care.The European journal of general practice · 2026Article
- Development and psychometric testing of the urostomy peristomal skin symptom questionnaire.Asia-Pacific journal of oncology nursing · 2026Article
- Development of Guidelines for Hospital Adoption of Wearable Telemonitoring Systems in Chronic Disease Management: Protocol for a Multiphase Mixed Methods Study.JMIR research protocols · 2026Article
- Palliative care development as a solution to mitigate the human crisis of cancer in low- and middle-income countries: a theory of change approach.Supportive care in cancer : official journal of the Multinational Association of Supportive Care in Cancer · 2026Article
- Development of Custodial Staff Modifiers for Safewards Secure-Custodial Mental Health.International journal of mental health nursing · 2026Article
- DEGRO consensus framework for undergraduate radiation therapy teaching in Germany: a white paper with integrated guidance on artificial intelligence in medical education.Strahlentherapie und Onkologie : Organ der Deutschen Rontgengesellschaft ... [et al] · 2026Article
- Italian consensus on pediatric myopia: findings from a three-round modified delphi study.Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology = Albrecht von Graefes Archiv fur klinische und experimentelle Ophthalmologie · 2026Article
- Characterization of Strategies to Enhance the Provision of Holistic Services Across Three Community-Based Organizations in King County, Washington, United States.Journal of the International AIDS Society · 2026Article
- Vietnamese expert consensus on the diagnosis and multidisciplinary management of resectable non-small cell lung cancer.Translational lung cancer research · 2026Review
- Artificial Intelligence-Related Risks in Interventional Pulmonology: An Exploratory Enumeration and Ranking Study Across Five General-Purpose Large Language Models.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Article
- Modernizing Brain Injury Services in British Columbia: Developing Research Priorities for Children and Youth with Acquired Brain Injury.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Determinants and Strategies for Implementation of the HOPE Self-Sampling Cervical Screening Intervention for Women Living with HIV in Ghana: A Context Assessment and Implementation Mapping Study.Research square · 2026Article
- A longitudinal core curriculum to strengthen interprofessional competencies in German undergraduate nursing education: a mixed methods study.BMC medical education · 2026Article
- Defining fever-related discomfort in children: an international Delphi consensus.European journal of pediatrics · 2026Article
- The Global Airways Unit: A Multidisciplinary Strategy for Early Diagnosis and Comorbidity Detection.World journal of otorhinolaryngology - head and neck surgery · 2026Review
708 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Introduction The Nominal Group Technique (NGT) and Delphi Technique are consensus methods used in research that is directed at problem-solving, idea-generation, or determining priorities. While consensus methods are commonly used in health services literature, few studies in pharmacy practice use these methods. This paper provides an overview of the NGT and Delphi technique, including the steps involved and the types of research questions best suited to each method, with examples from the pharmacy literature. Methodology The NGT entails face-to-face discussion in small groups, and provides a prompt result for researchers. The classic NGT involves four key stages: silent generation, round robin, clarification and voting (ranking). Variations have occurred in relation to generating ideas, and how 'consensus' is obtained from participants. The Delphi technique uses a multistage self-completed questionnaire with individual feedback, to determine consensus from a larger group of 'experts.' Questionnaires have been mailed, or more recently, e-mailed to participants. When to use The NGT has been used to explore consumer and stakeholder views, while the Delphi technique is commonly used to develop guidelines with health professionals. Method choice is influenced by various factors, including the research question, the perception of consensus required, and associated practicalities such as time and geography. Limitations The NGT requires participants to personally attend a meeting. This may prove difficult to organise and geography may limit attendance. The Delphi technique can take weeks or months to conclude, especially if multiple rounds are required, and may be complex for lay people to complete.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.