ArticleJournal of clinical hypertension (Greenwich, Conn.)2016
Salt Intakes, Knowledge, and Behavior in Samoa: Monitoring Salt-Consumption Patterns Through the World Health Organization's Surveillance of Noncommunicable Disease Risk Factors (STEPS).
Article in Journal of clinical hypertension (Greenwich, Conn.), 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 21 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
21 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 28 citations in OpenAlex.
- Contribution of fat, sugar and salt to diets in the Pacific Islands: a systematic review.Public health nutrition · 2019Pooled it
- The Science of Salt: A regularly updated systematic review of the implementation of salt reduction interventions (March-August 2016).Journal of clinical hypertension (Greenwich, Conn.) · 2017Pooled it
- A systematic review of economic evaluations of population-based sodium reduction interventions.PloS one · 2017Pooled it
- Knowledge, attitudes, and practices related to salt consumption in Nepal: Findings from the community-based management of non-communicable diseases project in Nepal (COBIN).Journal of clinical hypertension (Greenwich, Conn.) · 2019Trial
- Salt Intake Among the Iranian Population and Public Attitudes Toward Salt Consumption: National and Subnational Report From STEPS 2021.Food science & nutrition · 2026Article
- Association between Salt-Related Knowledge, Attitudes, and Behaviours and 24 h Urinary Salt Excretion in Nepal.Nutrients · 2024Article
- Adding salt to foods and hazards of microvascular, cerebrovascular and cardiovascular diseases.European journal of clinical nutrition · 2024Article
- Evaluating the Energy and Core Nutrients of Condiments in China.Nutrients · 2023Article
- Frequency of adding salt at the table and risk of incident cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality: a prospective cohort study.BMC medicine · 2022Article
- Article
- Estimating mean population salt intake in Fiji and Samoa using spot urine samples.Nutrition journal · 2019Article
- Mean Dietary Salt Intake in Vanuatu: A Population Survey of 755 Participants on Efate Island.Nutrients · 2019Article
- Salt-Related Knowledge, Attitudes, and Behaviors on Efate Island, Vanuatu.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2019Article
- Continued increases in blood pressure over two decades in Samoa (1991-2013); around one-third of the increase explained by rising obesity levels.BMC public health · 2018Article
- The Science of Salt: A focused review on salt-related knowledge, attitudes and behaviors, and gender differences.Journal of clinical hypertension (Greenwich, Conn.) · 2018Review
- Process Evaluation and Costing of a Multifaceted Population-Wide Intervention to Reduce Salt Consumption in Fiji.Nutrients · 2018Article
- Effects of a nationwide strategy to reduce salt intake in Samoa.Journal of hypertension · 2018Article
- Assessment of a Salt Reduction Intervention on Adult Population Salt Intake in Fiji.Nutrients · 2017Article
- The Association of Knowledge and Behaviours Related to Salt with 24-h Urinary Salt Excretion in a Population from North and South India.Nutrients · 2017Article
- Innovative Approaches to Hypertension Control in Low- and Middle-Income Countries.Cardiology clinics · 2017Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
15 authors at 6 institutions in 4 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
This project measured population salt intake in Samoa by integrating urinary sodium analysis into the World Health Organization's (WHO's) STEPwise approach to surveillance of noncommunicable disease risk factors (STEPS). A subsample of the Samoan Ministry of Health's 2013 STEPS Survey collected 24-hour and spot urine samples and completed questions on salt-related behaviors. Complete urine samples were available for 293 participants. Overall, weighted mean population 24-hour urine excretion of salt was 7.09 g (standard error 0.19) to 7.63 g (standard error 0.27) for men and 6.39 g (standard error 0.14) for women (P=.0014). Salt intake increased with body mass index (P=.0004), and people who added salt at the table had 1.5 g higher salt intakes than those who did not add salt (P=.0422). A total of 70% of the population had urinary excretion values above the 5 g/d cutoff recommended by the WHO. A reduction of 30% (2 g) would reduce average population salt intake to 5 g/d, in line with WHO recommendations. While challenging, integration of salt monitoring into STEPS provides clear logistical and cost benefits and the lessons communicated here can help inform future programs.
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Registered trials
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