ReviewAIDS (London, England)2016
HIV infection among persons who inject drugs: ending old epidemics and addressing new outbreaks.
Review in AIDS (London, England), 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 83 papers, 5 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
83 citing papers in PubMed, 5 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 130 citations in OpenAlex.
- Antiretroviral Postexposure Prophylaxis After Sexual, Injection Drug Use, or Other Nonoccupational Exposure to HIV - CDC Recommendations, United States, 2025.MMWR. Recommendations and reports : Morbidity and mortality weekly report. Recommendations and reports · 2025Guideline
- The Impact of Needle and Syringe Exchange Programs on HIV-Related Risk Behaviors in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Examining Individual- Versus Community-Level Effects.AIDS and behavior · 2023Pooled it
- Incidence of HIV and hepatitis C virus among people who inject drugs, and associations with age and sex or gender: a global systematic review and meta-analysis.The lancet. Gastroenterology & hepatology · 2023Pooled it
- A Systematic Review of Risk Factors for Suicide Among Persons Living with HIV (1996-2020).AIDS and behavior · 2022Pooled it
- Social norms associated with nonmedical opioid use in rural communities: a systematic review.Translational behavioral medicine · 2019Pooled it
- Trial
- Evaluating spatially targeted HIV interventions and harm reduction services among people who inject drugs in a high-burden setting.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Evaluating Spatially Targeted HIV Interventions and Harm Reduction Services Among People Who Inject Drugs in a High-Burden Setting.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2026Article
- Support Community Formation on a Mobile App for People Living With HIV and Substance Use Disorder: A Computer-Mediated Discourse Analysis.JMIR formative research · 2026Article
- Notable transmitted HIV drug resistance among people who inject drugs in Pakistan.The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy · 2026Article
- Understanding barriers to healthcare and harm reduction services among women who inject drugs in Nigeria: A qualitative assessment.PLOS global public health · 2026Article
- Effectiveness of an Embedded Infectious Disease Screening, Treatment, and Prevention Intervention Within an Inpatient Substance Use Treatment Program.Open forum infectious diseases · 2025Article
- Characterization of People Living with HIV Who Inject Drugs in Mexico City: Importance for Transmission and Detection.AIDS patient care and STDs · 2025Article
- Comparison of registered and survey-based modes of HIV transmission in 2021-2023: Cross-sectional study in the Kyrgyz Republic.PloS one · 2025Article
- Mu opioid receptor activation in microglia enhances HIV-1 infection and HIV-infection-induced inflammatory responses.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- Article
- Examining trends in the incidence of HIV infection among people with a history of drug use to inform an outbreak investigation and response: A retrospective cohort study.HIV medicine · 2025Article
- Past-Year HIV Testing, Current Antiretroviral Therapy Use, and Participation in Services for People Who Inject Drugs.AIDS and behavior · 2024Article
- Considerations when prescribing opioid agonist therapies for people living with HIV.Expert review of clinical pharmacology · 2024Review
- Patterns of Health-related Quality of Life in Men Who Inject Drugs: A Survey in Southeast Iran.Journal of preventive medicine and public health = Yebang Uihakhoe chi · 2024Article
23 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 3 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
Abstract
AIDS among persons who inject drugs, first identified in December 1981, has become a global epidemic. Injecting drug use has been reported in 148 countries and HIV infection has been seen among persons who inject drugs in 61 countries. Many locations have experienced outbreaks of HIV infection among persons who inject drugs, under specific conditions that promote very rapid spread of the virus. In response to these HIV outbreaks, specific interventions for persons who inject drugs include needle/syringe exchange programs, medicated-assisted treatment (with methadone or buprenorphine) and antiretroviral therapy. Through a 'combined prevention' approach, these interventions significantly reduced new HIV infections among persons who inject drugs in several locations including New York City, Vancouver and France. The efforts effectively ended the HIV epidemic among persons who inject drugs in those locations. This review examines possible processes through which combined prevention programs may lead to ending HIV epidemics. However, notable outbreaks of HIV among persons who inject drugs have recently occurred in several countries, including in Athens, Greece; Tel-Aviv, Israel; Dublin, Ireland; as well as in Scott County, Indiana, USA. This review also considers different factors that may have led to these outbreaks. We conclude with addressing the remaining challenges for reducing HIV infection among persons who inject drugs.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.