ReviewHuman vaccines & immunotherapeutics2016
Primary vaccine failure to routine vaccines: Why and what to do?
Review in Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 85 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
85 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Pooled it
- Baseline host determinants of robust human HIV-1 vaccine-induced immune responses: A meta-analysis of 26 vaccine regimens.EBioMedicine · 2022Pooled it
- Long-term persistence and boostability of immune responses following different rabies pre-exposure prophylaxis priming schedules of a purified chick embryo cell rabies vaccine administered alone or concomitantly with a Japanese encephalitis vaccine.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2025Trial
- Immunogenicity and Safety of a Purified Vero Rabies Vaccine-Serum Free, Compared With 2 Licensed Vaccines, in a Simulated Rabies Post-Exposure Regimen in Healthy Adults in France: A Randomized, Controlled, Phase 3 Trial.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2024Trial
- Evaluation of a multiantigen mRNA vaccine against EEHV1A in Asian elephants.Journal of virology · 2026Article
- Article
- COVID-19 Vaccine Reactogenicity Marks an Innate Inflammatory Response Associated With HLA Variation and Enhanced Protection.Research square · 2026Article
- Gut microbiota as a regulator of vaccine efficacy: implications for personalized vaccination.Gut microbes · 2025Review
- An HLA Association With COVID-19 Vaccine Reactogenicity Correlates With Fewer SARS-CoV-2 Infections and Monocyte Activation.Research square · 2025Article
- Measles seropositivity in previously vaccinated individuals: a systematic review and meta-analysis.EClinicalMedicine · 2025Article
- An analytic approach considering two temporal mechanisms driving breakthrough viral infections after vaccination.Vaccine · 2025Article
- Single-Cell RNA Sequencing of Baseline Immune Profiles After Third Vaccination Associated with Subsequent SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Naïve Individuals.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- Foot-and-mouth disease: genomic and proteomic structure, antigenic sites, serotype relationships, immune evasion, recent vaccine development strategies, and future perspectives.Veterinary research · 2025Review
- A Nationwide Seroprevalence Study for Measles in Individuals of Fertile Age in Romania.Antibodies (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Virus-like Particles-based Vaccine to Combat Neurodegenerative Diseases.Current pharmaceutical biotechnology · 2025Review
- Single-cell transcriptome profile during the antibody decline phase following inactivated COVID-19 vaccination.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2025Article
- Establishing an immune correlate of protection for Nipah virus in nonhuman primates.NPJ vaccines · 2024Article
- Vaccines and monoclonal antibodies to prevent healthcare-associated bacterial infections.Clinical microbiology reviews · 2024Review
- Clinicopathological and Molecular Investigation of Newcastle Disease Outbreaks in Vaccinated and Non-Vaccinated Broiler Chicken Flocks in Nepal.Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2024Article
- Intestinal Microbiota and Its Effect on Vaccine-Induced Immune Amplification and Tolerance.Vaccines · 2024Review
25 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
There are 2 major factors responsible for vaccine failures, the first is vaccine-related such as failures in vaccine attenuation, vaccination regimes or administration. The other is host-related, of which host genetics, immune status, age, health or nutritional status can be associated with primary or secondary vaccine failures. The first describes the inability to respond to primary vaccination, the latter is characterized by a loss of protection after initial effectiveness. Our studies concentrate on the evaluation of immunological characteristics responsible for primary vaccine failures in different (risk) populations for which the underlying mechanisms are currently unknown. Here we summarise current knowledge and findings from our studies. About 2-10% of healthy individuals fail to mount antibody levels to routine vaccines. Comparing the immune responses to different vaccines in non-responder and high-responder vaccinees revealed that hypo-responsiveness is antigen/vaccine-specific at the humoral but not at the cellular level. We found that T-regulatory as well as B-regulatory cells and the production of IL-10 are involved in non/hypo-responsiveness. Non-responsiveness increases with age and in particular vaccination to a novel vaccine in persons > 65 years is associated with a high low/non-responder rate, indicating that vaccine schedules and doses (at least for primary vaccination) should be adapted according to age. In light of the growing number of allergic but also obese people, our current studies concentrate on these risk groups to reveal whether different vaccination approaches are necessary for optimal protection compared to healthy individuals. These studies are in line with the significant paradigm shift taking place in many fields of medical research and care, and will extend the concept of personalised medicine into the field of vaccinology.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.