ReviewPhilosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences2016
Sex differences in the gut microbiome-brain axis across the lifespan.
Review in Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 154 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
154 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Functional Equivalence and Conserved Sexual Dimorphism in the Gut Microbiome: A Cross-Species Meta-analysis.Journal of molecular evolution · 2026Pooled it
- Diet, Microbes, and Cancer Across the Tree of Life: a Systematic Review.Current nutrition reports · 2022Pooled it
- A Microbial Signature of Psychological Distress in Irritable Bowel Syndrome.Psychosomatic medicine · 2018Trial
- Microbiome functional gene pathways are indicative of cognitive performance in older adults at risk for Alzheimer's disease.Gut microbes · 2026Article
- Sex differences in the gut microbiome and related metabolites: role in cardiometabolic disease.Gut microbes · 2026Review
- Sex modulates the long-term effects of delivery mode on microbiota-gut barrier crosstalk and colitis susceptibility in mice.Gut microbes · 2026Article
- Sex and stress paradigm influence behavioural, neuroimmune, and microbiome responses in pubertal CD-1 mice.Brain, behavior, & immunity - health · 2026Article
- The Adolescent Microbiome-Gut-Brain Axis: Development, Mechanisms, and Translational Perspectives.Nutrients · 2026Review
- Differential analysis of microbial interaction networks.Briefings in bioinformatics · 2026Article
- Social isolation during adolescence alters novel object recognition memory, brain and gut gene expression, and microbiota composition in a sex-specific manner.Brain, behavior, & immunity - health · 2026Article
- Adolescent Dietary Supplementation of Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Alleviates PTSD-Like Fear Memory and Affective Dysregulation in Rats.Smart medicine · 2026Article
- Gut Modulators Alter BDNF/Cortisol Axis in Severe Obesity: Additional Secondary Outcomes from a Triple-Blind Randomized Trial.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Unraveling sexually dimorphic offspring behaviors: maternal premating stress and the neuro-microbial-metabolic network.Molecular psychiatry · 2026Article
- How Does Biological Sex Impact Mucosal Bacterial Infection? Mucosal Defenses and Bacterial Detection.Immunological reviews · 2026Review
- Early-life maternal probiotic supplementation programs sex- and region-specific gene expression in the adult offspring brain.Brain, behavior, & immunity - health · 2026Article
- Antibiotic-induced gut microbiome remodeling reduces neuroinflammation in traumatic brain injury.Communications biology · 2026Article
- Sex-dependent locus coeruleus vulnerability in Alzheimer's disease: gut dysbiosis as a driver and probiotic intervention as rescue.Biology of sex differences · 2026Review
- Epigenetics, bacterial metabolites and type 2 diabetes: a new view of gut-genome interactions.Frontiers in microbiology · 2026Review
- Article
- Herbal formulas and gastrointestinal motility: Bridging traditional medicine and mechanistic insights.World journal of gastroenterology · 2025Article
94 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
Abstract
In recent years, the bidirectional communication between the gut microbiome and the brain has emerged as a factor that influences immunity, metabolism, neurodevelopment and behaviour. Cross-talk between the gut and brain begins early in life immediately following the transition from a sterile in utero environment to one that is exposed to a changing and complex microbial milieu over a lifetime. Once established, communication between the gut and brain integrates information from the autonomic and enteric nervous systems, neuroendocrine and neuroimmune signals, and peripheral immune and metabolic signals. Importantly, the composition and functional potential of the gut microbiome undergoes many transitions that parallel dynamic periods of brain development and maturation for which distinct sex differences have been identified. Here, we discuss the sexually dimorphic development, maturation and maintenance of the gut microbiome-brain axis, and the sex differences therein important in disease risk and resilience throughout the lifespan.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.