Evidence map›Paper›PMID 26833834›Full record

ReviewPhilosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences2016

The importance of having two X chromosomes.

Arthur P Arnold, Karen Reue, Mansoureh Eghbali, Eric Vilain, Xuqi Chen, Negar Ghahramani, Yuichiro Itoh, Jingyuan Li, Jenny C Link, Tuck Ngun and 1 more

Open access · bronzeAbstract readReview
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Review in Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 61 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
61citing papers in PubMed, 1 pooled it
17.1field-weighted citation impact, top 1% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

61 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 112 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. Pooled it
  2. Article
  3. Article
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  5. Exploring sex bias in cardiometabolic diseases.Lipids in health and disease · 2026
    Review
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1 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

11 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.

Arthur P ArnoldDepartment of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, UCLA Brain Research Institute, Los Angeles, CA, USA arnold@ucla.edu.
Karen ReueMolecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
Mansoureh EghbaliDepartment of Anesthesiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
Eric VilainDepartment of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA Department of Urology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
Xuqi ChenDepartment of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, UCLA Brain Research Institute, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
Negar GhahramaniDepartment of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, UCLA Brain Research Institute, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
Yuichiro ItohDepartment of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, UCLA Brain Research Institute, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
Jingyuan LiDepartment of Anesthesiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
Jenny C LinkMolecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
Tuck NgunDepartment of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, UCLA Brain Research Institute, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
Shayna M Williams-BurrisDepartment of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA Interdepartmental Program for Neuroscience, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, UCLA Brain Research Institute, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
University of California, Los Angeles · US

Funding

The Lipin Protein Family and Triglyceride Metabolism P01HL090553 · NHLBI · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LOS ANGELES · PI YOUNG, STEPHEN G. · 2008 to 2018
$23.3M
UCLA NIGMS T32 Program AssessmentT32GM007185 · NIGMS · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LOS ANGELES · PI TORRES, JORGE · 1985 to 2020
$21.7M
Neuroendocrinology, Sex Differences, and ReproductionT32HD007228 · NICHD · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LOS ANGELES · PI ARNOLD, ARTHUR P · 1985 to 2015
$3.9M
Sex Chromosome Effects on Neural DevelopmentR01NS043196 · NINDS · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LOS ANGELES · PI ARNOLD, ARTHUR P · 2003 to 2013
$3.4M
Genetic Mechanisms in Klinefelter Syndrome-Related BehaviorsR01HD076125 · NICHD · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LOS ANGELES · PI ARNOLD, ARTHUR P, JENTSCH, J. DAVID · 2014 to 2018
$2.3M
Sex differences in obesity and metabolic diseaseR01DK083561 · NIDDK · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LOS ANGELES · PI ARNOLD, ARTHUR P, CHEN, XUQI · 2010 to 2014
$1.6M
Epigenetic regulation of myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury by X chromosomeR01HL131182 · NHLBI · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LOS ANGELES · PI ARNOLD, ARTHUR P, EGHBALI, MANSOUREH · 2016 to 2019
$1.5M
Sex differences in myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injuryR56HL119886 · NHLBI · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LOS ANGELES · PI ARNOLD, ARTHUR P, EGHBALI, MANSOUREH · 2014 to 2014
$350k
X chromosome dosage and metabolic diseaseR56DK083561 · NIDDK · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LOS ANGELES · PI ARNOLD, ARTHUR P, REUE, KAREN · 2016 to 2016
$154k
NHLBI NIH HHS HL119886NHLBI NIH HHS HL90553NHLBI NIH HHS R01 HL131182NHLBI NIH HHS R56 HL119886NICHD NIH HHS HD076125NICHD NIH HHS R01 HD076125NICHD NIH HHS T32 HD007228NICHD NIH HHS T32HD007228NIDDK NIH HHS DK083561NIDDK NIH HHS R01 DK083561NIGMS NIH HHS T32 GM007185NINDS NIH HHS NS043196NINDS NIH HHS R01 NS043196
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Historically, it was thought that the number of X chromosomes plays little role in causing sex differences in traits. Recently, selected mouse models have been used increasingly to compare mice with the same type of gonad but with one versus two copies of the X chromosome. Study of these models demonstrates that mice with one X chromosome can be strikingly different from those with two X chromosomes, when the differences are not attributable to confounding group differences in gonadal hormones. The number of X chromosomes affects adiposity and metabolic disease, cardiovascular ischaemia/reperfusion injury and behaviour. The effects of X chromosome number are likely the result of inherent differences in expression of X genes that escape inactivation, and are therefore expressed from both X chromosomes in XX mice, resulting in a higher level of expression when two X chromosomes are present. The effects of X chromosome number contribute to sex differences in disease phenotypes, and may explain some features of X chromosome aneuploidies such as in Turner and Klinefelter syndromes.

Indexed as

AnimalsFemaleGene Expression RegulationGenotypeGonadal Steroid HormonesMaleSex FactorsX ChromosomeGonadal Steroid HormonesischaemiaKlinefelterobesitysex differencessexual differentiationX chromosome

Identifiers

PMID26833834
PMCPMC4785899
OpenAlexW2338995534

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.