ReviewPhilosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences2016
Multifaceted origins of sex differences in the brain.
Review in Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 81 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
81 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Sex differences in brain homotopic co-activations: a meta-analytic study.Brain structure & function · 2022Pooled it
- Brain-based sex differences in autism spectrum disorder across the lifespan: A systematic review of structural MRI, fMRI, and DTI findings.NeuroImage. Clinical · 2021Pooled it
- Potential Reporting Bias in Neuroimaging Studies of Sex Differences.Scientific reports · 2018Pooled it
- Sex-related structural alterations across common epilepsies: a worldwide ENIGMA study.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Brain regional susceptibility to tauopathy in individuals at risk for chronic traumatic encephalopathy.Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2026Article
- SRSF1 as a promising biomarker and key player in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease.Molecular medicine reports · 2026Article
- Robust but independent sex differences in human brain function, structure, and behavior.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Article
- Representative scale-invariant characteristics of male and female brains in magnetic resonance images.Neuroimage. Reports · 2025Article
- Cumulative risk assessment as the pathway to public health protection for behavioral neurotoxicity.Neurotoxicology · 2025Review
- Connecting the Dots: Gender, Sexuality, and Societal Influences on Cognitive Aging and Alzheimer's Disease.Current aging science · 2025Review
- Review
- Anhedonia is associated with higher functional connectivity between the nucleus accumbens and paraventricular nucleus of thalamus.Journal of affective disorders · 2024Article
- Sexually dimorphic control of aggression by androgen signaling in a cichlid.Molecular and cellular endocrinology · 2024Article
- Prenatal environmental risk factors for autism spectrum disorder and their potential mechanisms.BMC medicine · 2024Review
- Article
- Sexually dimorphic control of aggression by androgen signaling in a cichlid.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2024Article
- Beyond the binary: Characterizing the relationships between sex and neuropeptide receptor binding density measures in the rat brain.Hormones and behavior · 2024Article
- Deep learning models reveal replicable, generalizable, and behaviorally relevant sex differences in human functional brain organization.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2024Article
- Neurological manifestations of encephalitic alphaviruses, traumatic brain injuries, and organophosphorus nerve agent exposure.Frontiers in neuroscience · 2024Review
21 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
1 author.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Studies of sex differences in the brain range from reductionistic cell and molecular analyses in animal models to functional imaging in awake human subjects, with many other levels in between. Interpretations and conclusions about the importance of particular differences often vary with differing levels of analyses and can lead to discord and dissent. In the past two decades, the range of neurobiological, psychological and psychiatric endpoints found to differ between males and females has expanded beyond reproduction into every aspect of the healthy and diseased brain, and thereby demands our attention. A greater understanding of all aspects of neural functioning will only be achieved by incorporating sex as a biological variable. The goal of this review is to highlight the current state of the art of the discipline of sex differences research with an emphasis on the brain and to contextualize the articles appearing in the accompanying special issue.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.