ArticleInvestigative ophthalmology & visual science2016
Palisade Endings Are a Constant Feature in the Extraocular Muscles of Frontal-Eyed, But Not Lateral-Eyed, Animals.
Article in Investigative ophthalmology & visual science, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 22 papers.
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Who cites it
22 citing papers in PubMed, 37 citations in OpenAlex.
- Structural and Molecular Features of Human Extraocular Muscle Spindles Suggest a Unique Role in Proprioception.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2026Article
- Classical Proprioceptors and Palisade Endings Have Distinct Molecular Profiles in Pig Eye Muscles.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2026Article
- Review
- Research into the physiology of myosins - a personal odyssey.European journal of translational myology · 2025Article
- Developmental, Physiological and Phylogenetic Perspectives on the Expression and Regulation of Myosin Heavy Chains in Craniofacial Muscles.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Review
- Proprioceptors in extraocular muscles.Experimental physiology · 2024Review
- Müller's Muscle as a Sensory Proprioceptive Organ: Histological and Histochemical Analysis.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2023Article
- Spinal cord from body donors is suitable for multicolor immunofluorescence.Histochemistry and cell biology · 2023Article
- Does Surgical Resection of Horizontal Extraocular Muscles Disrupt Ocular Proprioceptors?Clinical ophthalmology (Auckland, N.Z.) · 2023Article
- Proprioceptive contribution to oculomotor control in humans.Human brain mapping · 2022Article
- Eye Movements But Not Vision Drive the Development of Palisade Endings.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2022Article
- Extraocular Motoneurons and Neurotrophism.Advances in neurobiology · 2022Article
- Mapping vestibular and visual contributions to angular head velocity tuning in the cortex.Cell reports · 2021Article
- MIF versus SIF Motoneurons, What Are Their Respective Contribution in the Oculomotor Medial Rectus Pool?The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience · 2021Article
- Cytoskeletal Proteins in Myotendinous Junctions of Human Extraocular Muscles.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2021Article
- Palisade Endings Have an Exocytotic Machinery But Lack Acetylcholine Receptors and Distinct Acetylcholinesterase Activity.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2020Article
- Complex Correlations Between Desmin Content, Myofiber Types, and Innervation Patterns in the Human Extraocular Muscles.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2020Article
- Mouse Extraocular Muscles and the Musculotopic Organization of Their Innervation.Anatomical record (Hoboken, N.J. : 2007) · 2019Article
- A Subset of Palisade Endings Only in the Medial and Inferior Rectus Muscle in Monkey Contain Calretinin.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2018Article
- An Anatomic Characterization of the Midbrain Near Response Neurons in the Macaque Monkey.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2018Article
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Authors and funding
11 authors at 6 institutions in 4 countries.
Funding
Abstract
purposeTo test whether palisade endings are a general feature of mammalian extraocular muscles (EOMs).
methodsThirteen species, some frontal-eyed (human, monkey, cat, and ferret), and others lateral-eyed (pig, sheep, calf, horse, rabbit, rat, mouse, gerbil, and guinea pig) were analyzed. Palisade endings were labeled by using different combinations of immunofluorescence techniques. Three-dimensional reconstructions of immunolabeled palisade endings were done.
resultsIn all frontal-eyed species, palisade endings were a consistent feature in the rectus EOMs. Their total number was high and they exhibited an EOM-specific distribution. In particular, the number of palisade endings in the medial recti was significantly higher than in the other rectus muscles. In the lateral-eyed animals, palisade endings were infrequent and, when present, their total number was rather low. They were only found in ungulates (sheep, calf, pig, and horse) and in rabbit. In rodents (rat, guinea pig, mouse, and gerbil) palisade endings were found infrequently (e.g., rat) or were completely absent. Palisade endings in frontal-eyed species and in some lateral-eyed species (pig, sheep, calf, and horse) had a uniform morphology. They generally lacked α-bungarotoxin staining, with a few exceptions in primates. Palisade endings in other lateral-eyed species (rabbit and rat) exhibited a simplified morphology and bound α-bungarotoxin.
conclusionsPalisade endings are not a universal feature of mammalian EOMs. So, if they are proprioceptors, not all species require them. Because in frontal-eyed species, the medial rectus muscle has the highest number of palisade endings, they likely play a special role in convergence.
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