ArticleOphthalmology2016
Uncorrected Hyperopia and Preschool Early Literacy: Results of the Vision in Preschoolers-Hyperopia in Preschoolers (VIP-HIP) Study.
Article in Ophthalmology, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT05538182 (Zimbabwe Eyecare And Learning), which is not on this map. Cited by 69 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Zimbabwe Eyecare And Learning: Formative Research on Hyperopia and Educational Outcomes in Primary School Children in Mashonaland Central Province of Zimbabwe
Who cites it
69 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 130 citations in OpenAlex.
- Visual and Oculomotor Function in Developmental Dyslexia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Ophthalmic & physiological optics : the journal of the British College of Ophthalmic Opticians (Optometrists) · 2026Pooled it
- Prevalence of refractive error in Indigenous and non-Indigenous Australians: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMJ open ophthalmology · 2025Pooled it
- Association between ADHD and vision problems. A systematic review and meta-analysis.Molecular psychiatry · 2023Pooled it
- A Randomized Clinical Trial of Immediate Versus Delayed Glasses for Moderate Hyperopia in Children 3 to 5 Years of Age.American journal of ophthalmology · 2019Trial
- Clearer Vision, Brighter Futures: Addressing Unmet Pediatric Eye Care Needs Through School-Based Vision Programs.The Journal of school health · 2026Article
- Causes of Reduced Vision in Australian Children.Ophthalmic & physiological optics : the journal of the British College of Ophthalmic Opticians (Optometrists) · 2026Article
- Adherence to Red Reflex and Vision Screening Recommendations: A Deep Dive into Primary Care Implementation Gaps.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2026Article
- Review
- Association between refraction characteristics and anthropometrics in 7- to 10-year-old Chinese primary school students.BMC ophthalmology · 2026Article
- Attention to text and pictures during storybook reading in preschool children with moderate hyperopia.Optometry and vision science : official publication of the American Academy of Optometry · 2026Article
- Impact of uncorrected hyperopia on visual function and academic performance in preschool and school-age children.Optometry and vision science : official publication of the American Academy of Optometry · 2026Review
- Prevalence and Severity of Hypermetropia and Astigmatism Among Druze Children From the Golan Heights.Journal of ophthalmology · 2026Article
- The QuickSee autorefractor reliably measures the accommodative response in children compared with the Shin-Nippon autorefractor.Ophthalmic & physiological optics : the journal of the British College of Ophthalmic Opticians (Optometrists) · 2025Article
- Current status of school vision screening-rationale, models, impact and challenges: a review.The British journal of ophthalmology · 2025Review
- Recommended practices for vision screening in pre-school-age children: A 2025 update.Optometry and vision science : official publication of the American Academy of Optometry · 2025Review
- Article
- Prevalence of visual impairment and refractive error-related risk factors in preschool children in beijing, China.BMC public health · 2025Article
- Evaluation of the QuickSee portable autorefractor system in a pediatric population.Journal of AAPOS : the official publication of the American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus · 2025Article
- Prevalence and associated risk factors of visual impairment in school children: mHealth-based vision screening in government schools of Rawalpindi, Pakistan.Frontiers in medicine · 2025Article
- The Association Between Refraction, Ocular Biometry, and a Child's Behavior Assessed by Conners' Parental Rating Scale.Clinical ophthalmology (Auckland, N.Z.) · 2025Article
9 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
- Commented on by
Authors and funding
11 authors at 8 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
purposeTo compare early literacy of 4- and 5-year-old uncorrected hyperopic children with that of emmetropic children.
designCross-sectional.
participantsChildren attending preschool or kindergarten who had not previously worn refractive correction.
methodsCycloplegic refraction was used to identify hyperopia (≥3.0 to ≤6.0 diopters [D] in most hyperopic meridian of at least 1 eye, astigmatism ≤1.5 D, anisometropia ≤1.0 D) or emmetropia (hyperopia ≤1.0 D; astigmatism, anisometropia, and myopia <1.0 D). Threshold visual acuity (VA) and cover testing ruled out amblyopia or strabismus. Accommodative response, binocular near VA, and near stereoacuity were measured.
main outcome measuresTrained examiners administered the Test of Preschool Early Literacy (TOPEL), composed of Print Knowledge, Definitional Vocabulary, and Phonological Awareness subtests.
resultsA total of 492 children (244 hyperopes and 248 emmetropes) participated (mean age, 58 months; mean ± standard deviation of the most hyperopic meridian, +3.78±0.81 D in hyperopes and +0.51±0.48 D in emmetropes). After adjustment for age, race/ethnicity, and parent/caregiver's education, the mean difference between hyperopes and emmetropes was -4.3 (P = 0.01) for TOPEL overall, -2.4 (P = 0.007) for Print Knowledge, -1.6 (P = 0.07) for Definitional Vocabulary, and -0.3 (P = 0.39) for Phonological Awareness. Greater deficits in TOPEL scores were observed in hyperopic children with ≥4.0 D than in emmetropes (-6.8, P = 0.01 for total score; -4.0, P = 0.003 for Print Knowledge). The largest deficits in TOPEL scores were observed in hyperopic children with binocular near VA of 20/40 or worse (-8.5, P = 0.002 for total score; -4.5, P = 0.001 for Print Knowledge; -3.1, P = 0.04 for Definitional Vocabulary) or near stereoacuity of 240 seconds of arc or worse (-8.6, P < 0.001 for total score; -5.3, P < 0.001 for Print Knowledge) compared with emmetropic children.
conclusionsUncorrected hyperopia ≥4.0 D or hyperopia ≥3.0 to ≤6.0 D associated with reduced binocular near VA (20/40 or worse) or reduced near stereoacuity (240 seconds of arc or worse) in 4- and 5-year-old children enrolled in preschool or kindergarten is associated with significantly worse performance on a test of early literacy.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.