ArticleAmerican journal of epidemiology2016
Jump, Hop, or Skip: Modeling Practice Effects in Studies of Determinants of Cognitive Change in Older Adults.
Article in American journal of epidemiology, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 89 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
89 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 124 citations in OpenAlex.
- Biomarkers of endothelial dysfunction and cognition: A two-step IPD meta-analysis.Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2024Pooled it
- Differences in Cognitive Aging Assessments Associated With Retest Effects.JAMA network open · 2026Trial
- Effects of a mindfulness-based versus a health self-management intervention on objective cognitive performance in older adults with subjective cognitive decline (SCD): a secondary analysis of the SCD-Well randomized controlled trial.Alzheimer's research & therapy · 2022Trial
- A Clinical Trial of Transcranial Electromagnetic Treatment in Alzheimer's Disease: Cognitive Enhancement and Associated Changes in Cerebrospinal Fluid, Blood, and Brain Imaging.Journal of Alzheimer's disease : JAD · 2019Trial
- Circulating Dkk1 and TRAIL Are Associated With Cognitive Decline in Community-Dwelling, Older Adults With Cognitive Concerns.The journals of gerontology. Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences · 2018Trial
- Is grip strength a marker for cognitive function, neurodegeneration, and resilience?GeroScience · 2026Article
- How Life-Course Trajectories of Physical Activity Track With Cognitive Decline.Journal of physical activity & health · 2026Article
- Impact of Vietnam-era G.I. Bill eligibility on the distribution of later-life memory score levels and decline: evidence from the Vietnam draft lottery natural experiment.American journal of epidemiology · 2026Article
- Longitudinal associations between 24-hour movement behaviours and cognitive function in adults aged 55 and above.Journal of activity, sedentary and sleep behaviors · 2026Article
- The association between smoking status and aging cognitive trajectory accounting for bias in attrition.American journal of epidemiology · 2026Article
- Are we there yet? Estimating the waves of follow-up required for stable effect estimates in cognitive aging research.American journal of epidemiology · 2026Article
- The measurement of cognition in large-scale cross-national surveys: lessons from the Health and Retirement Study International Network of Studies and the Harmonized Cognitive Assessment Protocol.The journals of gerontology. Series B, Psychological sciences and social sciences · 2026Article
- The Pace of Memory Decline in Older Adults without a Neurocognitive Disorder: Results from 22 Years of Follow-Up in a Nationally Representative Sample.Neuroepidemiology · 2026Article
- Cognitive performance among diverse Asian American subgroups: exploring the role of nativity, language, and education.NPJ dementia · 2026Article
- Cognitive resilience in preclinical Alzheimer's disease: Higher NPTX2 and VGF levels are associated with reduced cognitive decline.Neurobiology of aging · 2025Article
- Long-term exposure to air pollution and cognitive aging: Findings from a United States cohort of older adults.Journal of Alzheimer's disease : JAD · 2025Article
- Sex Differences in Associations of Lewy Body Disease with Alzheimer's Disease and Cognitive Decline.Annals of neurology · 2025Article
- Observational
- PGRN Counteracts the Associations of Abnormal Tau Proteins with Neurodegeneration and Cognitive Decline in Non-demented Adults: A Longitudinal Study.Molecular neurobiology · 2025Article
- Cohort Changes in Cognitive Function Among Mexican Older Adults from 2001 to 2021.The Gerontologist · 2025Article
29 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
10 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Improvements in cognitive test scores upon repeated assessment due to practice effects (PEs) are well documented, but there is no empirical evidence on whether alternative specifications of PEs result in different estimated associations between exposure and rate of cognitive change. If alternative PE specifications produce different estimates of association between an exposure and rate of cognitive change, this would be a challenge for nearly all longitudinal research on determinants of cognitive aging. Using data from 3 cohort studies-the Three-City Study-Dijon (Dijon, France, 1999-2010), the Normative Aging Study (Greater Boston, Massachusetts, 1993-2007), and the Washington Heights-Inwood Community Aging Project (New York, New York, 1999-2012)-for 2 exposures (diabetes and depression) and 3 cognitive outcomes, we compared results from longitudinal models using alternative PE specifications: no PEs; use of an indicator for the first cognitive visit; number of prior testing occasions; and square root of the number of prior testing occasions. Alternative specifications led to large differences in the estimated rates of cognitive change but minimal differences in estimated associations of exposure with cognitive level or change. Based on model fit, using an indicator for the first visit was often (but not always) the preferred model. PE specification can lead to substantial differences in estimated rates of cognitive change, but in these diverse examples and study samples it did not substantively affect estimated associations of risk factors with change.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.