Trial reportClinical and experimental immunology2016
Norovirus in symptomatic and asymptomatic individuals: cytokines and viral shedding.
Trial report in Clinical and experimental immunology, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 39 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
39 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 72 citations in OpenAlex.
- Systematic review and meta-analysis of enteric virus shedding in human excretions.EBioMedicine · 2025Pooled it
- Epidemiology of norovirus infection in Nigeria: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Archives of virology · 2024Pooled it
- Global prevalence of asymptomatic norovirus infection in outbreaks: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC infectious diseases · 2023Pooled it
- Changes in micronutrient and inflammation serum biomarker concentrations after a norovirus human challenge.The American journal of clinical nutrition · 2019Trial
- A Wastewater-based Modeling Framework for Inferring Norovirus Transmission Dynamics.Environmental science & technology · 2026Article
- Overcoming host restrictions to enable continuous passaging of GII.3 human norovirus in human intestinal enteroids.Science advances · 2026Article
- Characterization of humoral and cellular immunity induced by mRNA vaccines expressing norovirus VP1 proteins in mice and NHPs.Molecular therapy : the journal of the American Society of Gene Therapy · 2026Article
- Epidemiology of Norovirus Outbreaks in Kindergartens, Primary Schools, and Junior High Schools in Xi'an, China, From October 2020 to February 2023.Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research · 2025Article
- Article
- Article
- Long Amplicon Nanopore Sequencing for Dual-Typing RdRp and VP1 Genes of Norovirus Genogroups I and II in Wastewater.Food and environmental virology · 2024Article
- Asymptomatic Enteric Virus Infections and Association with the Gut Microbiome in Rural Residents of Northern Laos.The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene · 2024Article
- Vitamin A biomarkers were associated withThe British journal of nutrition · 2024Article
- Kinetics of severe dengue virus infection and development of gut pathology in mice.Journal of virology · 2023Article
- Molecular epidemiology analysis of symptomatic and asymptomatic norovirus infections in Chinese infants.Virology journal · 2023Article
- Asymptomatic Norovirus Infection Among Children in Kindergartens and Primary Schools - Beijing Municipality, China, 2021.China CDC weekly · 2023Article
- Development and validation of an efficient nomogram for risk assessment of norovirus infection in pediatric patients.European journal of clinical microbiology & infectious diseases : official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology · 2022Article
- Review
- Norovirus transmission mitigation strategies during simulated produce harvest and packing.International journal of food microbiology · 2021Article
- The dark side of the gut: Virome-host interactions in intestinal homeostasis and disease.The Journal of experimental medicine · 2021Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Noroviruses (NoV) are the most common cause of epidemic gastroenteritis world-wide. NoV infections are often asymptomatic, although individuals still shed large amounts of NoV in their stool. Understanding the differences between asymptomatic and symptomatic individuals would help in elucidating mechanisms of NoV pathogenesis. Our goal was to compare the serum cytokine responses and faecal viral RNA titres of asymptomatic and symptomatic NoV-infected individuals. We tested serum samples from infected subjects (n = 26; 19 symptomatic, seven asymptomatic) from two human challenge studies of GI.1 NoV for 16 cytokines. Samples from prechallenge and days 1-4 post-challenge were tested for these cytokines. Cytokine levels were compared to stool NoV RNA titres quantified previously by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). While both symptomatic and asymptomatic groups had similar patterns of cytokine responses, the symptomatic group generally exhibited a greater elevation of T helper type 1 (Th1) and Th2 cytokines and IL-8 post-challenge compared to the asymptomatic group (all P < 0·01). Daily viral RNA titre was associated positively with daily IL-6 concentration and negatively with daily IL-12p40 concentration (all P < 0·05). Symptoms were not associated significantly with daily viral RNA titre, duration of viral shedding or cumulative shedding. Symptomatic individuals, compared to asymptomatic, have greater immune system activation, as measured by serum cytokines, but they do not have greater viral burden, as measured by titre and shedding, suggesting that symptoms may be immune-mediated in NoV infection.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.