ReviewBMC ophthalmology2015
Meibomian gland dysfunction: hyperkeratinization or atrophy?
Review in BMC ophthalmology, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 54 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
54 citing papers in PubMed, 101 citations in OpenAlex.
- Tear Film Lipid Layer Changes Following Combined Effect of Heated Eye Mask with Intense Pulsed Light Therapy for Evaporative Dry Eye: A Randomized Control Study.Photobiomodulation, photomedicine, and laser surgery · 2023Trial
- Clinical safety and efficacy of vitamin D3 analog ointment for treatment of obstructive meibomian gland dysfunction.BMC ophthalmology · 2017Trial
- A mouse model of meibomian gland hyperkeratinization-induced dry eye.Developmental biology · 2026Article
- Cross-species transcriptomics identify mineralocorticoid receptor pathway overactivation as a central driver of ocular rosacea.Nature communications · 2026Article
- The effects of vitamin d replacement therapy on ocular surface health in children with vitamin d deficiency.Japanese journal of ophthalmology · 2026Article
- Ferroptosis in Meibomian Gland Progenitor Cells Contributes to Pathogenesis of Meibomian Gland Dysfunction.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2026Article
- Maresin 1 Ameliorates Blue Light Overexposure-Induced Meibomian Gland Dysfunction via Inhibition of NLRP3/Caspase-1/GSDMD-Mediated Pyroptosis.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2025Article
- Comparative assessment of structural and tear film alterations in rabbit meibomian gland dysfunction models using chemical and electrocauterization techniques.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Comparative Analysis of Age-Associated Changes in Meibum Composition, Distribution, and Function in Mice With Altered Hyaluronan Expression.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2025Article
- Applied anatomy and morphology of Meibomian glands in the non-human primate.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Calcium-Dependent Regulation of Desmosomal Proteins in Human Meibomian Gland Epithelial Cells.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2025Article
- Ophthalmologic and serologic predictors of positive minor salivary gland biopsy in suspected Sjögren's disease.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Identification of Meibomian gland stem cell populations and mechanisms of aging.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Crosslinking of tarsal collagen as a hypothetical therapy for dry eye disease.Medical hypothesis, discovery & innovation ophthalmology journal · 2025Article
- A machine learning approach to predicting dry eye-related signs, symptoms and diagnoses from meibography images.Heliyon · 2024Article
- Identification of Meibomian gland stem cell populations and mechanisms of aging.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2024Article
- Assessment of lipid layer patterns in domestic dogs and rabbits: an observational study.Open veterinary journal · 2024Article
- A comparative study on the lipid layer thickness analysis of medical staff before and after work.PeerJ · 2024Article
- Alkali burn injury model of meibomian gland dysfunction in mice.International journal of ophthalmology · 2024Article
- Recent advances in age-related meibomian gland dysfunction (ARMGD).The ocular surface · 2023Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD) is the major cause of evaporative dry eye disease (EDED) and dysfunction is widely thought to mechanistically involve ductal hyperkeratinization, plugging and obstruction. This review re-evaluates the role of hyperkeratinization in MGD based on more recent findings from mouse models. In these studies, eyelids from normal young and old mice or mice exposed to desiccating stress were evaluated by immunofluorescent tomography and 3-dimensional reconstruction to evaluate gland volume, expression of hyperkeratinization markers and cell proliferation or stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) microscopy to assess lipid quality. Results indicate that aging mice show dropout of meibomian glands with loss of gland volume and a forward migration of the mucocutaneous junction anterior to the gland orifice; similar age-related changes that are detected in human subjects. Atrophic glands also showed evidence of epithelial plugging of the orifice without the presence of hyperkeratinization. Mice exposed to desiccating stress showed hyperproliferation of the meibomian gland and ductal dilation suggesting a marked increase in lipid synthesis. Lipid quality was also affected in EDED mice with an increase in the protein content of lipid within the duct of the gland. Overall, age-related changes in the mouse show similar structural and functional correlates with that observed in clinical MGD without evidence of hyperkeratinization suggesting that gland atrophy may be a major cause of EDED. The response of the meibomian gland to desiccating stress also suggest that environmental conditions may accelerate or potentiate age-related changes.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.