ArticleVaccine2016
Effects of Repeated Annual Inactivated Influenza Vaccination among Healthcare Personnel on Serum Hemagglutinin Inhibition Antibody Response to A/Perth/16/2009 (H3N2)-like virus during 2010-11.
Article in Vaccine, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 81 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
81 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 124 citations in OpenAlex.
- Does repeated influenza vaccination attenuate effectiveness? A systematic review and meta-analysis.The Lancet. Respiratory medicine · 2023Pooled it
- Regional-based within-year seasonal variations in influenza-related health outcomes across mainland China: a systematic review and spatio-temporal analysis.BMC medicine · 2022Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Effectiveness of influenza vaccines in preventing severe influenza illness among adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis of test-negative design case-control studies.The Journal of infection · 2017Pooled it
- Comparison of the immunogenicity of adjuvanted and conventional egg-based quadrivalent influenza vaccines among healthcare personnel in Lima, Peru: A randomized controlled trial.International journal of infectious diseases : IJID : official publication of the International Society for Infectious Diseases · 2026Trial
- Enhanced Influenza Vaccines Extend A(H3N2) Antibody Reactivity in Older Adults but Prior Vaccination Effects Persist.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2025Trial
- Antibody response to sequential vaccination with cell culture, recombinant, or egg-based influenza vaccines among U.S. adults.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2024Trial
- Randomised immunogenicity trial comparing 2019-2020 recombinant and egg-based influenza vaccines among frequently vaccinated healthcare personnel in Israel.International journal of infectious diseases : IJID : official publication of the International Society for Infectious Diseases · 2024Trial
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus Prefusion F Vaccination: Antibody Persistence and Revaccination.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2024Trial
- Preliminary Findings From the Dynamics of the Immune Responses to Repeat Influenza Vaccination Exposures (DRIVE I) Study: A Randomized Controlled Trial.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2024Trial
- Redirecting antibody responses from egg-adapted epitopes following repeat vaccination with recombinant or cell culture-based versus egg-based influenza vaccines.Nature communications · 2024Trial
- Study of Healthcare Personnel with Influenza and other Respiratory Viruses in Israel (SHIRI): study protocol.BMC infectious diseases · 2018Trial
- The Dual Role of Preexisting Immunity in Influenza: Protective Recall Versus Constraint of Novel Responses.Immunological reviews · 2026Review
- Repeated influenza vaccination results in blunting rather than back-boosting of antibody responses against A(H3N2) antigens.Research square · 2026Article
- Repeat Influenza Vaccination Effects in 2021/22 and 2022/23 in a Community-Based Cohort in Hong Kong.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Poor sleep impairs immune responses and influenza vaccine protection.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Article
- Effectiveness of Seasonal Influenza Vaccination Against Medically Attended Influenza in People With Chronic Respiratory Diseases: A Multicenter, Test-Negative, Case-control Study.Open forum infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Low effectiveness of influenza vaccines vis-à-vis mechanism of protection by vaccines - potential causes and recommendations to improve control of influenza.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Particularly strong immune response to influenza vaccination in patients with decompensated liver cirrhosis linked to systemic inflammation.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Observational
21 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
10 authors at 5 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundRecently, lower estimates of influenza vaccine effectiveness (VE) against A(H3N2) virus illness among those vaccinated during the previous season or multiple seasons have been reported; however, it is unclear whether these effects are due to differences in immunogenicity.
methodsWe performed hemagglutination inhibition antibody (HI) assays on serum collected at preseason, ∼ 30 days post-vaccination, and postseason from a prospective cohort of healthcare personnel (HCP). Eligible participants had medical and vaccination records for at least four years (since July, 2006), including 578 HCP who received 2010-11 trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine [IIV3, containing A/Perth/16/2009-like A(H3N2)] and 209 HCP who declined vaccination. Estimates of the percentage with high titers (≥ 40 and>100) and geometric mean fold change ratios (GMRs) to A/Perth/16/2009-like virus by number of prior vaccinations were adjusted for age, sex, race, education, household size, hospital care responsibilities, and study site.
resultsPost-vaccination GMRs were inversely associated with the number of prior vaccinations, increasing from 2.3 among those with 4 prior vaccinations to 6.2 among HCP with zero prior vaccinations (F[4,567]=9.97, p<.0005). Thirty-two percent of HCP with 1 prior vaccination achieved titers >100 compared to only 11% of HCP with 4 prior vaccinations (adjusted odds ratio=6.8, 95% CI=3.1 - 15.3).
conclusionOur findings point to an exposure-response association between repeated IIV3 vaccination and HI for A(H3N2) and are consistent with recent VE observations. Ultimately, better vaccines and vaccine strategies may be needed in order to optimize immunogenicity and VE for HCP and other repeated vaccinees.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.